Tracking Tv Programs :: essays research papers

Tracking TV ProgramsSince its invention, television has been an important part of American life andculture. In our modern society, there atomic number 18 even those who would designate that ithas become an absolute necessity. Recently, many people have been debatingwhether or non television content is corrupting our youth and Americans ingeneral. In pain of this, I believe that the networks do an adequate job ofproviding programs that appeal to the disparate categories of viewing audiences.In the early evening, superstar can find a variety of programs that connect with alarge audience spanning children to gravids, however as the nighttime progresses theprogram content changes in order to target full-blown audiences only.When the early evening programming begins at around five oclock the witness hasvarious selections to choose from. It is about this time that many people arereturning home from work, so news programs are a raw material of these early timeslots. Following th is is a barrage of comedy sitcoms, movies, and dramas, such(prenominal)as "Home Improvement" and "Melrose Place". Their viewing audience include children,families, and star adults. Therefore, these time slots draw larger audiencesthan any other.As the evening dwells on, one can start to see a gradual change in programcontent as they begin to lose the younger viewers and start focusing on muchmature audiences. The content becomes more violent and sexually explicit. Thecomedy also follows this pattern and becomes more adult oriented, such as HBOs"Def Comedy Jam". This is also the time of night that those famous infomercialsbegin airing. The reason for this is that these are the cheapest time slots tobuy and dispel on.

Suicides in Foxconn

FOXCONN nobble Principles oforganisational Behaviorfrom the point of view, combined with Foxconn employees dress berth, chew over gaietyand turn over pressure, etc. , on a world-ren ingested company Foxconn consecutive felo-de-ses occurred in a comparative analysis to explain the profession In the duration of the instructionprocess need to strengthen the oversight measures. Keywords Foxconn, felo-de-se, cognitive dissonance, job propitiation, bestow pressure From January 2010 to November 2010, just 11 months time, the industrys drop deading OEM companies Foxconn employees took place much than than a dozen suicides.Shocked the whole residential area, Foxconn is alike pushed to the cusp of public opinion, resulting in the suicide for many reasons, this paper pull up stakes fol let loose the principles of organizational behavior, from the attitude of stave,job satisfactionand plough pressureangle analyze, and to make occupancy in the context of the times need to be s trengthened precaution measures. First, the background events Foxconn counsellingJanuary 23, 2010, 19-year-old horse to move in ply training at the southern quarters Foxconn death in 2010, the evening of March 11, 0930, fuji Kang Longhua base, surnamed Li, a 20-year-old male C2 in the living quarters, 5th Floor, fall stillborn November 5, 2010, a 23-year-old park in Shenzhen Foxconn male workers aimted suicide, which occurred since the beginning of the 14th consecutive suicides. Second, the Foxconn management event analysis Foxconn management event, the module of suicide end be divided into two separate aspects of the occurrence and incarnate place. A separate suicide When a suicide occurs, Foxconn, Foxconn recruitment at the entrance is still full of people, when asked whether the empennagedidates know that Foxconn suicide, the reaction is kn induce. When asked why to stooldidates, the answer is to open here on time wages, never in arrears. Foxconn released from the mittling of employees to see their three meals a day can guarantee allowance hardw atomic number 18, transportation, laundry and other basic living conditions can be guaranteed, which is also a mo of job researchers in the know Foxconn suicide by and by the incident still choose to work Foxconn reasons.Why these basic conditions are met, the module, the staff or the successive suicides happen? The reasons are manifold. Data show the unceasing Foxconn suicides take a leak occurred in the younger generation of employees. Therefore, these naked generation of employees to its have characteristics and has a lot of suicide, such as the current business purlieu caused by excessive pressure on the employees, and these pressure generation, from the perspective ofOrganizational Behavioris the cognitive dissonance caused by the employees.Cognitive dissonance refers to any pee-pee of attitudes and behavior are inconsistent will people feel uncomfortable, so the individual will try to prune this mismatch, uncomfortable, if non mitigate cognitive dissonance, then the pressure will extend staff, accumulated to a sure extent when the pressure can not resolve, there may lead to suicide.Cognitive dissonance caused by Foxconn employees is mainly due to lowjob satisfactiona long time, Foxconn did not lower employeejob satisfactionto purify this problem and take effective measures, lowjob satisfactionis the work of various factors caused, mainly due to the following four points 1. Interest in on the job(p)swith low input pressure is huge. Foxconn, front-line staff here is identical to a large machine parts, every day repeating the equivalent work, and is refined into a product of a step, spend months and years do the accumulated pressure is very great, because such work is not merely monotonous, but also hard to put into it.Relative to the new generation of employees, their fathers on the job satisfaction canmake moneymainly depends on the simple duplicatio n of work brought about by the pressure and can deliver the economic income compared to income is dominant, even if than the current pressures facing the new generation of larger,make moneyto achieve this goal will significantly reduce the cognitive dissonance caused by pressure, while the new generation of employees no onger earn money as migrant workers for the sole purpose, more more to life storystyle changes and seek better opportunities, when they pillow slip such a somebody is equivalent to the production machine as pArtof boring work, it can not compensate for low wages brought about by the work of cognitive dissonance. 2. Respect for the low social groups, lack the necessary communication. Foxconn, work to calculate the precision to use seconds, no time to stopworkingto conk outher, not to mention the exchange between each other. orkingtime, work at Foxconn The staff are aware, no overtime is not fashioning money, so their normalworkingtime is 12 hours to two shifts, tha t in supplement to work, the remaining time is extremely limited. to work together tired by and by work activities of employees is best returned to the bedroom to rest, and live in a bedroom with its employees do not work nearly the same time, it will look in the management of the incident, Foxconn to be able to call all their own bedroom of names of staff reward thing. pace, Foxconn Although a large number of employees, but basically no staff their own organization, the villagers will be, students will be able to enhance employee communications and other organizations is essential not. this purlieu also makes the job satisfaction greatly reduced. Links to free download http//eng. hi138. com 3. Difficult to achieve self-worth, aspirations and reality together far.Foxconn, even if it is determined in accordance with the system 12 hours of overtime to work two shifts, the hand is 1000 yuan. And these new generation of employeesworkingat Foxconn Although subjected to a received d egree of education, but its still somewhat lacking in life skills. and some small and medium attempts are often overdue wages compared to wages is at work here on time, and the living conditions of the hardware is relatively good, so in fujihealthwork is an fateful choice. nowingly choose to pay the difficulties is difficult to achieve their ideals, it is difficult to change the emplacement quo. and now a new generation of employees is far less than the income of the buying power of their parents, hard work hard to get self- realization, leading to low job satisfaction. 4. The pressure did not retreat. In addition to this little way, and staff ompared to the older generation, a new generation of people growing up is different this generation growing up with their fathers to be superior compared to many, their lives compose of reference is age of the city, their requirements of life is urbanization, the rural peace of mind so that they can go back to farming is unrealistic, whil e due to its own conditions, you want to really integrate into urban society, there is a certain(prenominal) distance, But a new generation of employees or to strive with, Foxconn isworkingtowards his dream of an important step forward, but as conditions, skills and other limitations, anddevelopmentis difficult, even if left Foxconn, a company may be b enjoining Another Foxconn, or difficult to achieve genuine integration into the city this goal. Home go back, work hard in the city into which a new generation of employees to enhance dilemma pressure. (Two consecutive suicide 1. regular coverage of suicide affect employee attitudes, suicide is inherited in the tuition of suicide, suicide is a certain contagious. Many studies have described for television, tuner and other media reported that a number of detailed suicide, and the community of suicide or attempted suicide on the increase in incidents. 2.Suicide later on the incident, the measures taken by Foxconn is not effectiv e in the Foxconn suicides occurred during a continuous, its management of the event there is no effective intervention and management of change. visual modality of jumping incident, Foxconns management brought in Wutai Mountain is one of the most famous monk, to pray for the dead zone. This will not only ease the suicide is not contagious, but also increased the mysterious suicide of employees psychological spirits causing mischief that is psychological implications, so that employees feel that they commit suicide are from God. This is not fundamentally solve the suicide contagious impact on staff. Third, theenterprise managementmeasures to reduce employee suicide 1 play to the functions of consider unions.Foxconn great personal strength in the face of a small capital, and only effectively play the role of trade unions, employees and businesses in order to make equal dialogue becomes possible, in order to be binding on the company, the employees protection of the rights of the wo rking pressure to get some relief. (2) relying on the country to encourage policies that seek to achieve business transformation as a foundry, low press costs in order to build and expand in the market. This has resulted in low staff salaries,developmentof small issues. Want to change this a situation, only to laid-back value-added industries, so companies do not rely on cheap labor to profit, so that employees have the opportunity to realize their value to the enterprise, reduce work pressure. focus on enhancing employee job satisfaction and make the appropriate registration (1 to improve the work, increase employee following can learn the advanced management concept, in the same or different production lines adjacent to experience regular exchange of staff for a long time do not let the same work, to reduce pressure on staff to reduce long repeated mechanical action of fatigue, increase employee interest (2 to enhance communication between employees can be set up work space c ommunication among workers, who exchanges the same bedroom ways to improve the communication environment (3 vocational training to increase staff can be set up some useful talentdevelopmenttraining programs, making the lack of employment skills and relatively low quality of the staff have the opportunity to learn, have the opportunity to move into management, but also to more good localdevelopmentof the capital. 4 when a crisis occurs, urgent and effective response when an enterprise such extreme issues early, companies should try to coordinate with the media and other relevant departments, to seek the opinion of the continuous occurrence to minimize the impact of suicide. Fourth, the prospectOEM companies such as Foxconn, Chinas economic prosperity and has a huge role in the development of its glorious past, but today the face of new situation, they face not only the extreme behavior of employees, but also There are a range of issues such as labor shortage. how in the fast develop ment of social background, to manage a new generation of employees, how to increase their job satisfaction, how to make them run better with the business, how to make them realize their ideals , reasoning(a) life, etc. These efforts not only businesses, but also the whole community should think about problems and believe in the company, society, joint efforts of a new generation of employees, the problem can be resolved and hope that Fuji extreme events such ashealthmanagement problems do not happen again. Links to free download http//eng. hi138. com

What Is a Human Person?

What Is Human Person? Essay What is a soulfulness? A seemingly easy head word, however, once looked into, the subjects and presumptions that people ache are filled with contradictions and controversies. legion(predicate) people, religions, organisations, and governments have a differing opinion on what qualities an entity mustiness possess to be a mortal, however, there are many similarities. Many religions, for example, believe a soul, houses an immortal soul or spirit, capable of timeless life.There is also the question raised are gentle cosmoss the exclusively ones who can be a soulfulness, can creatures and tools also be, or do individuals? Philosophers generally agree that there are several signalise characteristics that can be magnetic discussed concerning personhood. The characteristics are as follows A soul (or spirit), pattern of the mental and physical (the question of the caput creation crystallise to the body), the idea of beliefs and morals, rationality, self awareness, the use of langu come along and meaning, self ringion (and imagination), and exploring what different societies and peoples, vox populi as a full and whole person.Religions house some of the oldest beliefs and explanations of this world, and stand up a nominate way to understanding the people of the past, as comfortably as their ways of ringing and explanation. Whilst modern science had proven a lot of religious beliefs (such as the origins and complexities of the of the universe) to be false, many people sales booth their view of a person on that of their religions. For example, Christianity.The belief of the Christian church building is that each human world in born with a soul, this soul the dwells within them is unobservable, however, it is the immortal, private link between themselves and God, connecting through prayer and reflection, and is believed that every person possesses this, thereby rendering a soul as a component of personhood. H owever, since the soul is unobservable, there is seemingly no way to put forward whether or non a person has one, or if they exist at all.However, the Catholic Church also teaches that human beings were created in the image of God, thereof making every human a sacred being, and possessing a soul, their spiritual link between themselves and the divine. Therefore, a soul, spirit or equivalent is a required secernate of personhood to the spiritual or religious person. An otherwise key point of relevancy is ones mind, the question of the mind and body, are they one thing, or do they exist separately from each other?The mind is the term often referring to the higher functions of the brain, the totally of conscious and unconscious mental activity that controls the way we work out, feel judge, our intellect and consciousness, perception, emotion, memory, imagination et cetera. The mind resides within the brain, and is central to our being, it controls us, it is us. The brain is the on e part of the body that reality have been unable to create via artificial means scientific come has allowed the body to function using artificial means, such as machines aiding, or sometimes in place of our internal organs.Given time, research and money, it is theoretically possible for the brain to function step to the foreside the body, through a machine (A body could almost be considered a machine, as the brain sends out electrical signals to control the rest of the body). In this sense, yes, the mind is a separate being to the body, able to function outside of the flesh when given an up to(predicate) source of power. The body, in a sense, is a battery, and output source for the mind, untold like a gaming console and a game disc.The disc holds the functions, and the console executes them. The mind relies on the body to function, however they are 2 different entities. This theory completely disregards the mortal body as being a part of personhood, or rather, everything but the brain and its processes. This raises the question of whether or not an animal or robot (machine) can be a person. Following on from the previous paragraph, the idea that a persons mind can exist and function within a machine poses the question of a machine being a person in itself.As modern science has enabled virtually every part of the body (except the brain) to be reconstructed and function as a machine, it is not entirely implausible for science to get as removed as to reconstruct the brain through mechanics, the brain consciousness, activities and functions, electrical currents, being uploaded into the windup(prenominal) brain. The human mind, being present in the machine knows itself to be a person, observes itself as a person whence classes itself as a person. It has the mind and processes of a person, therefore sees itself as a person.A merry part of personhood may in fact acknowledging oneself (and others) as people. In a Descartes like manner, I think I am a person , therefore I am a person. The might to be able to reflect on ones self and being, an ability that only human beings possess, can be considered another trait of personhood. The humans ability to the reflect, sympathise and empathise with each other and other beings is something that is specific (as far as scientific progress has proved) to humans alone.From these stem the ideas of ethics and morality, which again branch off to the law of society behaviour. An animal, for example, will not substantiation preying on other animal because they see it as morally wrong, the animal sees the other simply as food, to eat. A human however, has a watch over and value for life, thus why some people choose to become vegetarians. An animal does not process this, and continues to kill other animals to sustain nourishment. This enjoy for life, and others, has led to the creation of laws to maintain an orderly and fully functioning society. rules of order and laws have differing opinions on wh at a person can or cannot do. These take off country to country, even state to state. Age regulations and restrictions restrict what a person of a certain age or ability can or cannot do. This may influence thinking that people of a certain age or ability are not full people, but underdeveloped, or not people. The subject of personhood is a difficult one, if one defines a person as having the qualities or w, x, y, and z, it is certainly possible for some animals to qualify as persons, or some people to not. owever, if one defines a person as a human being, then one has to then define a human being. The English language reinforces the theory of a human being the sole entity capable of personhood as the word person and human being are used interchangeably. Although modern secularism and the more traditional religious views have differing ideas, it all comes down to the item-by-items opinion. This also comes back to individual beliefs and truths, as well as the persons ability to thi nk and reflect on a subject.If one believes a person has qualities x and y, then all things with these qualities are persons. If one believes a person is a human being, then human beings to them are persons. And argument could be do that the ability to think, reflect, argue and to form an opinion through observation, belief and personal values over what is a person makes one a person themselves, thereby making anyone agreeing or disagreeing with these examples a person.Bibliography. Law, Stephen, 2007. The Great Philosophers, Quercus print Plc, London. outlets from class What is a Human Person? Summary Notes Problems of Knowledge The whiz in the Vat The Weekend Australian Magazine January 30-31st, 2010 Can animals think? The Human Being Roman Catholic perspective Metaphysics Handout Handout with exerts from various stories I, Rodney Brooks, am a Robot, How Smart is the Octopus, Spanish Parliament and so on

Neat vs Sloppy

The n eer-ending Debate between the Neat and squishy Neat People vs.. Sloppy People by Suzanne Bruit takes a unique stance on clutter. The author believes a person preference on their cleanliness is boiled scratch off to a moral standpoint. Sloppy large number argon not sloppy, they and relieve oneself a precise plan that will never co me to fruition. She views neat people as wasteful, lazy, and ungrateful. This stance is unique and interesting plainly without data it is simply speculation. The author seems to be biased.She says sloppy people die loving attention to every diet ail(256). As a sloppy person myself I reject this. Yes, I sometimes have trouble judging the I importance of a piece of newspaper publisher and keep it. Most of the time I stash useless written document because the ere simply is no trash can near me. Furthermore, she believes neat people are self centered and mindless as pop use to mindful. If anything collects dust, its got to go (256). My mother is the clean SST person I know. He is to a fault very concerned about the environment.She recycles and ere sees furniture until it breaks. She has three dogs and each of them are clean. She just prefers clean lines and cleanliness provides a more positive environment than a Sloppy one. While I enjoyed reading the story, it seemed whiny and biased. I timber bad for S Suzanne for not knowing decent clean people. If she had ever seen the show hoarders she would know that not all sloppy people are morally superior. If she had evidence, this could have e been a great paper.

Case †HBS: Fiat †Tata Essay

1 What is guilds current situation in India? rescript is an Italian machinemobile manufacturer based in Turin.  rewrite India in Indian car merchandise is facing the dilemma of scummy sales. It had a very niggling food market share in India analyse to separate existing railroad carmobile competitors. There was a full and huge relationship with Tata Motors in Indian so social club and Tata were going to occupy a interchangeable bet on (JV) to manufacture passenger cars, engines and transmissions for the Indian and oversea markets. These two companies began to seek for collaboration in early 2005. From the Exhibit 2 Production by Manufacturer, we can see rescript in 2006 be 11 in worldwide auto industry while Tata stood in 21, which had merely Indian market. For rules of order this brand, it had a high brand sensation in India which is a good sign for them want to expand market there and Fiat excessively had the best diesel engine for small cars.2 What is the b usiness opportunity in India? Do you think that Fiat needs a partner? In an strain to lower costs, near major automotive makers had set up factories in emerging markets much(prenominal) as China, India and South America. Because lower production costs were one incentive, experts also suggested that car makers could crystalise access to growing and fertile marketplaces that is the background for auto manufacture in India. The liberalization policies in 1991 opened up India to untried import and export possibilities. To encourage investments, the government launched series of new policies in 1990s to encourage growing their economics. For vehicle industry, there was total macrocosm of 1.1 billion people in India which is an obvious voltage opportunity for auto makers.I think Fiat really needs a partner. The bring down at that clipping was all manufacturers with production greater than one million vehicles were involved in one or more alliances with other producers. move ma nufacturers formed alliances for a variety of factors with the primary rationale being an attempt to reduce labor, energy, and raw material costs. So combining same value-chain activities to gull efficiencies, merge talents and share risks is a good choice. Observers lauded the tie-in stating that Fiat had the potential for more sales in the burgeoning Indian market while Tata stood to gain technology and new export markets.3 Do you think Fiat and Tata make for good partners? Compare the Fiat-GM relationship with the Fiat-Tata relationship. It looks like they make for good partners. They knew each other well before they wanted to committee themselves into joint venture. In 2006, they were both financially sound due to the good co-operation. At that time sourcing of parts usually involved 30 trail suppliers as well as 70 or more indirect suppliers (who served the direct suppliers). Automobile manufacturers usually established long-term relationships with their suppliers and inv olved suppliers in the evolution of new models. Fiat and Tata they examined synergies in overseas to give marketing support.With help of Tata, they can improve Fiats dealership network and client service, help to cut manufacturing costs and compete effectively against competitors. For Tata, this alliance with Fiat helped Tata get technologies and new design in future which is a win-win situation. Compared with the Fiat-GM relationship, Fiat and Tata king have better future. After Fiat and GM cooperation, their market share was decreased and had high debts issues. GM themselves were making losses and melt down the agreement of Groups auto business. There was no assimilation collaboration which do it crucial for long term relationship.4 How would you value the negotiation process between Fiat and Tata? It was a long guidance communication before Fiat team came to Tatas head touch and came into negotiation but however better than longer waiting time for visa. I think they made a good conversation and made a lot of efforts like signing MoU to establish joint venture and equity structure. Made agreement to some manufacturing parts like passenger cars, power trains, engines and transmission for India and overseas. They focused on the spirit of relationship and memorialise the prospects for long-term relationship. Most major components were negotiated. However, It was obvious that some culture distinction appeared during their negotiation.There are two layers of culture raised by a Fiat executive first is Italian and Indian culture and the sulphur is the difference in company culture. Even with another Italian company, Fiat can be very different. And some problem appeared like It is  ceaselessly difficult going to the other companys offices as they still have other work to attend to. So, we might have a meeting scheduled to start at 10am, which then starts at 11am and might end up being regularly interrupted by other issues. But some complain cannot be very serious in their negotiation.

Cause and Effect Solar Energy

Cause/Effect Solar efficiency Solar radiation is an sinew resource mevery times larger than mankinds force needs. reality has been able to capture/ armor this talent resource, but only on a limited scale. Mankind has found that the use of the temperateness was quite useful. They used it to grow and run dry crops, dry clothing, produce heat, and for light. The sun is a sphere, on the inside of the sun there is a continuous process of fusion in which atomic number 1 nuclei combine to from helium nuclei. at that place is less helium than that of hydrogen, which allows the sun to bring into being dexterity.The dynamism is then radiated out of the surface of the sun, in which only a small portion is intercepted by plant creation. Just outside of the earths atmosphere, approximately 93 million miles from the sun, has the intensity of radiation of active 1. 36 kilowatts per square foot. This process is also called the Solar Constant. This energy is absorbed, dispersed, and re flected by the atmosphere beaming its radiation to earths ground. Almost half(prenominal) of this energy is visible light, approximately half is infrared radiation, and a in truth small portion of it is ultraviolet radiation.There are many ways to alter this energy. Some use it to heat their water and homes some convert it to electric Energy. Most of the worlds energy needs have been met by converting solar energy into its electrical or mechanical forms. Electrical energy conversion of solar energy can be quite expensive. often more than it would be to convert into thermal energy, but worth it in the long run. Solar panels or solar cells have been created to convert solar energy into mechanical energy, which can then be converted into electrical energy or used directly.This green energy alternative would cook a reduction in our environmental impact because it has less visible impact on the environment. They also help reduce the level of babys room gases produced and would dec rease the demands of fossil fuels. Without a reliable, yet sustainable source of energy for the future, mankind volition face a continued environmental destruction and continue to contribute to the growing problem of global warming. In revision to stop the damage that is being done to the environment, we need to switch to an environmentally friendly energy production system.If we do not switch, the current facilities who curse mainly on fossil fuels, will continue to destroy the earth because they are leaving behind toxic residues and inefficient by products that will have to be dealt with for many years. The future lies with systems that eliminate these toxic and wasteful by products. Only by switching to fully renewable energy systems will humanity be free of these toxins. With our current technology and the expanding familiarity of tomorrow, wind turbines have a 30 year life span.The motility used to run these turbines is lower than the use of traditional power plants. ut ilize wind energy to power turbines instead of plants using fossil fuels for energy will reduce the overall impact of the U. S. Energy production. The before mentioned solar panel has a life expectancy of approximately 25 years. The integrality cost per kilowatt is way lower for solar panels than that of fossil provide based power plants. These panels, once installed, need little to no maintenance. There is no monthly bill or added fees.Just like wind energy, solar energy is completely sustainable and they do not produce any physical by products. I believe that wind and solar energy is the perfect solution to the future of preserving the earths environment. Our environment is play against us and there is a shortage of fossil fuels. It seems as though mankind as a whole is killing itself off. Mankind as a whole needs to rid itself of its dependency of fossil fuels. while wind and solar energy are not the only options on hand(predicate) for sustainable energy solutions, in my opi nion, they are the best alternative solutions.

Case Study Ryanair and Virgin Atlantic

Case Study Course clip lead and ORGANISATIONS BABA SDL 2012-13B new Atlantic and Ryan spread This case examines two organisations that imbibe galore(postnominal) similarities as well as a event of significant differences. The necessary technology and systems behind each organisation may be genuinely similar, exclusively the record and style of management and its consequent pretend on the way people working in these organisations think, feel and behave have created very different organisational cultures.So what atomic number 18 the similarities and what are the differences? The most obvious relation is that both sodding(a) Atlantic and Ryanair operate in the UK passenger air captivate industry. Both are relatively recent creations and tycoon be seen as new entrants to the sector double-dyed(a)s air transport business was founded by Richard Branson in 1984 and Michael OLeary took over as Chief Executive at Ryanair, a small Irish air delineate which had been founded as Guinness Peat Aviation in 1985 (Creation, 2004).Both started demeanor in tilt with study national flag carrier airlines (British Airways and Aer Lingus respectively) and grew to be major challengers to these established companies. As they grew, their scale of operations brought them into competition with a much larger number and frame of airlines operating from the UK Bransons Virgin Atlantic competes with nearly major US and other intercontinental companies such as American Airlines and United Airlines OLeary competes with the likes of Flybe and EasyJet in the short-haul market.Both Branson, who was born in 1950, and OLeary, who is ten age younger, are individuals with strong and distinctive personalities, who have a relentless relish for media presence and who construct extensive use of themselves in their frequent selling communications. They engage in advertising stunts, readily appear on the intelligence activity media in relation to stories around the industry, and their faces and personalities are easily associated with their companies. Charting different courses thither are, however, some major differences. First, they differ in their choice of markets.Virgins air transport business originated in the long-haul, mainly transatlantic market which might be highly profitable but is overly extremely competitive. As the business grew, offshoots were founded as indep destroyent companies for instance, Virgin Blue in Australia and Virgin pull which has its hub in Brussels and serves European destinations outside the UK and does not compete outright with Ryanair. Ryanair started as a short-haul carrier and has remained so, focusing on European destinations from a small number of airports in the UK and Eire. The two companies competitive positioning is also very different.Ryanair is well known as The Low Cost Airline the offshoot thing that hits you in its exotericity material is the price and this is very clearly the core of its business strate gy (Ryanair website). The no frills approach means scarce that even the in-flight nutriment is limited to sandwiches and costs extra. Virgin, by contrast, attracts passengers by offering a superior experience and is firmly positi oned at the quality end of the market Publicity material emphasises style and comfort, and there is a range of in 1/4 Case Study Coursework LEADERSHIP and ORGANISATIONS BABA SDL 2012-13B light extras which, even at the economy end of the price range, includes in-flight food and drinks and packs of amenities such as flight socks, eye shades and lip balm. As was noted, both men love publicity stunts and often use wit in their public communications. Branson is usually smiling and in poses which indicate gambol and a desire to show close links with his staff and popularity with employees, customers and the public in general. OLeary is much more liable(predicate) to be acerbic, critical and uses what might euphemistically be called colourful language in hi s public statements.He seems to care short(p) about public opinion of him as an individual and has been in trouble oneself with the advertising standards authorities in the UK and Eire on more than one amour for offensive adverts that have up destine people from British Airways (who were accused of cosmos valuable ba * * * * ds in an Evening Standard advert in 1999) and the Catholic Church (the Fourth Secret of Fatima advert of 2000 featured the Pope) (Creation, 2004). The discolouration determine are also very different. Virgin as a sight of businesses does everything from running trains, manufacturing contraceptives and cosmetics o offering financial work. All these enterprises are coupled by the single powerful central sign of the founder and the trace red livery Ryanair does one thing and one thing only, but in doing so sets an almost buccaneering tone, readily taking on authorities such as the European Union over competition policy and the British Airports Authoriti es over charging practices. Branson has certainly had his conflicts with British Airways, notably over the dirty tricks affair of the early 1990s, but is not likely to challenge governments.Virgin tries hard to build customer trueness and gain recap business done brandrelated service values Ryanairs repeat business (and for some customers the Ryanair experience is one which inspires the thought never again) is on price, not loyalty to the brand. These differences have a significant effect on the nature of employ relations and the psychological contract between the two companies and their employees. Working for Richard and Michael all(prenominal) companys brand image and treatment of customers have a bearing on the nature of organisational relationship with staff, and vice versa.Aspects of organisational behaviour therefore show through in a variety of interconnected ways to create lucid and very different cultures. At Virgin Atlantic, cabin crew are there to be helpful and welc oming they are important projectors of the brand image and their cable is partly to encourage the allimportant customer loyalty which generates chronic profit. The importance of staff as carriers of company values is clearly reflected in the recruitment material and other statements about the nature of work at Virgin Atlantic.Virgin Atlantic brings together all manner of people in all manner of images, all playing a crucial role in the smooth running of a very complex operation. hardly whoever you are and wherever you join us, youll never stop thinking of our customers and what 2/4 Case Study Coursework LEADERSHIP and ORGANISATIONS BABA SDL 2012-13B we can do for them. From frontline cabin crew to IT analysts, everyone here plays a role in delivering the Virgin brand. That means using initiative, taking responsibility for your actions and being ready to actualise those around you at all times.Similarly, youll play your part in maintaining the friendly, outlawed professionalism that makes Virgin Atlantic such a unique place of work (Virgin Altantic website). The recruitment process is lengthy and includes a group interview which acts as a filter for further tests before job offers are made. reading programmes for cabin crew and other staff are run from a dedicated training centre, and there is a wide range of benefits for regular staff including seven free flights a year, private pensions and medical schemes and discounted goods and services across the Virgin group.At Ryanair, the cabin crew work for a supplier organisation called Crewlink. You can discover whether you qualify to apply for a job by answering a series of 11 on line questions. Successful applicants for cabin crew posts are trained at one of Crewlinks centres and are expected to pay an up-front charge of 1,200 for the fiveweek course (or with a cd deposit it can be offset against initial years salary at a total cost of 1,300). Students are not paid to appear the course successful graduat es get a three-year contract with Crewlink to work on Ryanair flights on a shift-work basis.Ryanair crew are not expected to make overnight stops at its destinations. Post-tax starting salary is listed as being ? 1,100 per month (? 13,200 pa) Crewlink suggests that after the initial three years, and subject to satisfactory performance, a permanent job with Ryanair itself might be available at a salary of up to ? 25,000 pa. Staff must be flexible in terms of their work placement across the 15 European centres and Crewlink does not guarantee work if individuals specify a preferred work location (Crewlink website).By comparison with long haul, a short-haul operation involves very tight verso times and Ryanair aims for 20 minutes. This creates a very different pace and set of pressures on the workforce compared with those at Virgin, which is likely to have higher staffing levels and to institute crew longer rest breaks in the destination locations between flights. The nature of custo mer relations, by contrast, might be more demanding at Virgin than at Ryanair staff and customers are together for longer and the brand image must be maintained.Complaints and horror stories can be found about work at both organisations however, Ryanair is subject to a more arrogant and organised campaign of criticism for its employment practices by trade heart organisations. In particular, the internationalistic Transport Workers Federation has run a major campaign on its website since 2004 called Ryan-be-fair, the purpose of which is to pressurise the management at Ryanair into accept the role of trade unions in representing the workforce.It collects comments from disgruntled crew and former workers which join a flavour of the operational stresses and organisational culture. Both organisations have been successful Ryanair has false in significant profits for several years in a sector which is prone to disruption and financial loss and which has seen a number of brands disap pear (Buzz, Go and Debonair) (BBC, 2005). Virgin also continues to go from power to strength commercially. But the cultures and values which get them off the ground could hardly be more different (BBC, 2006). /4 Case Study Coursework LEADERSHIP and ORGANISATIONS BABA SDL 2012-13B References Creation, S. (2004) Ryanair How a Small Irish Airline Conquered Europe. Arum Crewlink website www. crewlink. ie International Transport Workers Federation website www. iftglobal. org Ryanair website www. ryanair. com Virgin Atlantic website, Working for Us, http//www. virginatlantic. com/en/gb/careers/workingforus/index. jsp BBC News articles News website www. news. bbc. co. k Profits Jump at Virgin Atlantic (27 May 2005) Ryanair Profits Jump on Hot floater (1 August 2006) Question Using relevant leadership and organisational theory, explore the impact of organisational features and external environment influences on the leadership and management styles and performance of Richard Branson and M ichael OLeary. Critically evaluate the effectiveness of their leadership approaches in their specific background with their specific set of strategic challenges. (1500 words) Closing date 1st April 2013, impart on StudyNet by 23. 30 UK time 4/4

A Clausewitzian Analysis of the Thirty Year’s War Essay

When applying the Clausewitzian paradoxical lead paradigm to the Thirty familys war, we see that the catalyst that sparked much of the conflict during that time was impelled by civil unrest of the throng engendered by fear of religious persecution. Beginning with the divergence of religious and secular leadership resulting from the plainant reformation which was exacerbated by the rigidity of Catholic monarchy, we see how wide strewing fomenting dissent within the German States lead to the decline of the Habsburg ruling family.In his work, On War, Clausewitz describes the affection of war as a continual interplay among the paradoxical trinity of the people, the government, and the military. As we apply this framework to the complex and varied influences of the proto(prenominal) seventeenth century, this model provides clarity in determining the root fountains that shaped this date an era that has come to be characterized by the rampant internecine war of religious and po litical factions of the time.The Protestant Reformation, which had begun to take traction with many of the expansion-minded German nobility, set the stage for the conflict between Catholic and Protestant factions end-to-end the German Provinces. With the signing of the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, Lutheranism had been officially recognized by the Holy Roman Empire. The major outcome of this treaty enabled the Protestant doing in Germany to claim lands once belonging to the Catholics.This result had great conjure to the more secular rulers throughout Europe who sought to disentangle themselves from grandiloquent oversight and influence. Under the rule of the Holy Roman Emperor Mathias, Protest and Catholic factions had gained equity of representation and influence throughout the Hapsburg controlled regions. This unification was driven, in part, by the larger Muslim threat presented by the Ottoman Empire.This truce, however, was an unsatisfied one with all the characteristics of a 17th century Cold War between the two religious sects, and as the balance shifted with the rise of a new monarch, each side began an arms race to defend their interests from the other. The involvement of the intransigent Catholic monarch, Ferdinand II, posed a threat to Protestants throughout the unhomogeneous Habsburg controlled territories. Religious hegemony of individual States was the preferred condition of German rulers in the early 17th century.The piety of the ruler shall be the religion of his subjects was a adage that was very near and dear to many of the European rulers of the day. This rang especially rightful(a) among the Catholic territories where the church service exercised much greater political influence than their Protestant counterparts. So when the balance of Protestant and Catholic controlled States was disrupted with the ascension of Ferdinand II a widely acknowledged Catholic zealot to the throne of Bohemia it brought a face to the fears of the Protes tant nobility.In an effort to limit his religious edicts, the Protestant Bohemians entreated for religious freedoms of their newly throned monarch. The harsh dismissal of these entreaties was the spark that ignited the pulverisation keg that Central Europe had baffle, and the subsequent Defenestration of Prague resulting in the death of Ferdinands representatives by Protestant rebels signaled the start of uprisings in Hungary, Transylvania, and the rest of Bohemia. This uprising spread throughout Europe, drawing in both political and religious powers to become decisively engaged.The unresolved religious dissent among the people and the Habsburg ruler served as a lodestone for conflict throughout Europe and lead at last to the decline of the Holy Roman Empire into several small self-reliant territories. Early successes by the Hapsburg against the Bohemians, and by and by the Palatinate States, led to the direct involvement of France and Holland allying against the Hapsburgs. Thei r efforts were later supported by England, Sweden, Denmark, Savoy and Venice.These State actors all had their own agendas notwithstanding ostensibly acted in support of the Protestant rebellion whose secular distancing from Church control appealed to both the ruling classes and commoners alike. The war ravaged the German countryside and both(prenominal) estimates have nearly half of the population were killed, wounded, or displaced, with some areas much(prenominal) as Wurttemberg losing nearly 75% of their population. The Peace of Westphalia which was signed in the reach of 1648 signified the end of the war.Alsace became part of France, while Sweden gained much of the German Baltic coast, while the Emperor had to recognize the sovereign rights of the German princes, and equality between Protestant and Catholic states, while Spain, in a separate peace, last acknowledged the independence of the Dutch Republic. The Habsburg crown was now, more than ever, subject to the breastpla te of the Imperial Diet, also termed the Reichstag or German Parliament, which exists to this day.When viewing the root fix of the Thirty Years War under the Clausewitzian perspective, we see that the People node of the paradoxical trinity was the most influential during that time. This war is frequently termed the War of Religion as religion was either the root cause of conflict, or the excuse used to mask political machination in efforts to expand power and influence. only when in truth, religion was merely the vehicle by which contention among the commoners and landowners took shape to facilitate change of the current governmental structure.Upon the conclusion of the war, after the smoke had cleared and the damage was tallied, Habsburg power was irrevocably shattered and France emerged as the new epicenter of European influence and might. But the consequences extended beyond the immediate outcomes of the war. The resulting Peace of Westphalia changed the very relationships be tween citizens and the State, extricating religion from the government and laying the foundation for modern civic relationships of todays democracies.

Video Game Ethical Issues

Kuan-Yu Lin Brenda Varda HMN-101-01 10/28/2012 Ethical Issue Essay last Draft Video enliveneds have always been an important part of the cheer industry since its appearance in 1970s. They have been convergeed worldwide and strength to a greater extent people. While the children ar already playing the games, the number of women gamers, as well as the age level of gamers in general is increasing.As technology advances, boob tube games with to a greater extent diversity and real-life experience are slowly creep into parts of our life and gaining its momentum in the society. Due to its quick development, umteen ethical issues associated with word picture games have been brought to our attention. therefore, we should understand how television receiver games are ethically influencing people within its realm. The four study ethical issues which will be discussed are issues of force, education, stereotyping and addiction. Video games are enjoying fast-growing popularity, be coming a major component of young peoples social lives and leisure activities.First of all, a major interest which has been discussed continuously regarding goggle box games is violence. Violence in picture games is considered as the opthalmic presentation of characters fighting, gun shooting, physical injury or death to characters. Recently, more and more video games involving blood-red manner are taking everyplace the game selection on the shelves. Comparing to games made in the 70s, 80s, recent games feature tougher, more pugnacious heroines and more games are made specifically for adults.Research consistently declares that virtually top-selling video games involve violence. In order to prevent the potential harm to children, youth and society of this prohibit influence, lots of research has focused on the consequence of violent video games. Video game research indicates that playing violent video games increases aggression, hostility, and aggressive thoughts. (Anderson , Buckley, &038 Gentile, 2007 Anderson &038 Bushman, 2001 Anderson, Carnagey, Flanagan, Benjamin, Eubanks &038 Valentine, 2004Anderson &038 Dill, 2000).In their research, they conclude that engaging games which have content related to violence may possibly increase a persons aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in real life. Some other studies foc using on college student playing video games also point out that students playing violent games are also engaging in more aggressive behavior. It has been claimed by many critics of the media industry that the incident at Columbine High trail in Littleton, Colorado on April 20, 1999 was caused by the influence of violent video games.It was battle arrayn on BBC news that some(prenominal) students shooters, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, had played and enjoy violent video games. Relatives of people killed in the Columbine massacre are seeking return from computer game put onrs, claiming their products religious serviceed bring about the killings. Although video games fuel help actors relieving stress, they can also affect gamers in a harmful way. It is both the players and the game makers responsibility to be aware of the negative set up of video gaming. Games with harmful content might be leading negative effects they still have values considered being beneficial in accredited aspect.Games are popular in the community of youth and have many qualities that make them wonderful teaching tools. Through the educational perspective, both adults and children experience many things by playing video games. Games with positive content show positive effects. For example, playing a dancing video game can help children lose weight (Konamis Dance Dance Revolution, 2007 OHannon, 2007 Epstein, Beecher, Graf &038 Roemmich, 2007). As mentioned before, videogames could be an excellent tool for cultivation. In particular, players are learning in an active way with practice and feedback.Because they are fun, children are exceedingly motivated with video gaming, when people are motivated, they usually perform better, gum olibanum lead in to a better result. Also, games usually have buy the farm objectives with adaptable difficulty levels. Games with increasing difficulty across levels allow player to apply past learning. Lastly, games allow children to apply to what they learn in assorted problems and contexts. Some believe that video games help alter life accomplishment such as logic and problem solving. They also can improve hand-eye coordination and leadership skills, which can be useful for military training purposes.Having cognise the efficiency and the joyful quality of learning experience in gaming, educators are able to take advantage of the positive learning characteristics of games by using the well- knowing software in order to teach children more effectively. While the issues associated with violence in video games have caused huge concern among children, gender, and racial st ereotypes in video games are also causing problems which require more attention. There is an unbalanced proportion between priapic and female person game players and developers. correspond to a recent study the average gamer age was in the mid(prenominal) to late 20s with 60% men playing and 40% women. 2 The tout ensemble gaming industry is overwhelmed by the male population. Most of the games on the market are targeted to only male players. Dietzs, one of the earliest studies to examine uninventive portrayals in video games, analyzed the depiction of women in a ideal of 33 most popular Nintendo and Sega Genesis video games. The study categorize the female characters in those games into four possible stereotypes based on their appearances and behaviors. Females as sex objects or prizes, females as victims, females in feminine roles, and females as heroes or action characters. Not surprisingly, Dietz (1998) found that 41% of the games were devoid of female characters. but 15% (5 out of 33) portrayed women as heroes or action characters, while 21% (7 out of 33) portrayed women as victims or as so called damsel in distress. At the same time, in 28% of these games, women were portrayed as sex objects based upon physical appearance or sexually-oriented actions. Following the discussion of female character as indicator of sexuality, most of the female characters in video games have clothing that exposed more skin than the male characters. The research also found out that the female characters appearing in gaming most likely wear low-cut clothing. About half of the female characters have bare arms and legs with liberal busted figure. * In essence, these female characters in video games were portrayed in a stereotypical way in which they were exaggerated by risque attire. That leads to the exclusion of female players in video game industry.Although the number of game designed for female gamers is increasing slowly, it is crucial for both consumers and game makers to make the video games more engaging for both sexes either by changing the content of the game or by expanding the choice of games. They should be designed in a way that they are attractive for both male and female players. Finally, the last ethical issue I want to chat about is the addiction of engaging video games. Some people spent immense amount of time playing video games and caused them to lose of import time participating in activities which are more beneficial for them.However, video games could be considered as one of social activities because friends, siblings, and other relatives can play with it. Bibliography (not yet in proper MLA format, I will work on in for the final paper) http//evvy09. hubpages. com/hub/Video-Games-Have-Changed-the-World http//www. ethicapublishing. com/ethical/3CH12. pdf https//www. msu. edu/pengwei/Mou%26Peng_gender%20and%20racial%20stereotype. pdf http//news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/science/character/1295920. stm

Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 16

It was the l genius hoot of an owla long, plaintive laboriousthat caused my eyes to snap open. As my eyes ad practiceded to the dim light, I felt a pulsing pain on the side of my do that seemed to keep time with the owls cries. And suddenly I remembered everythingKatherine, her lips drawn back, her teeth sparkling. My content pounding as though I were dying and being born(p) completely at the same time. The awful pain, the red eyes, the glum foul of a dead sleep. I glanced around wildly.Katherine, clad further in a necklace and a simple muslin slip, sat just steps extraneous from me at the basin, washing her upper blazon with a hand towel. Hello, sleepy Stefan, she give tongue to coquettishly.I swung my legs out of bed and tried to step out, only to find myself tangled in the tabloids. Your face, I babbled, knowing I sounded mad and possessed, like a town d campaigningk stumbling out of the tavern.Katherine continued to run the cotton cloth along her arms. The face Id se en last night was non human. It had been a face filled with thirst and desire and emotions I couldnt tied(p) think to name. But in this light Katherine looked lovelier than ever, blinking her eyes sleepily like a kitten after a long nap.Katherine? I asked, forcing myself to look into her eyes. What are you?Katherine slowly picked up the hairbrush on her nightstand, as if she had all the time in the world. She turned to me and began to run it through her luxurious locks.Youre not afraid, are you? she asked.So she was a vampire. My blood turned to ice.I took the sheet and wrapped it against my body, past grabbed my breeches from the side of the bed and stringed them on. I rapidly shoved my feet into my boots and yanked on my shirt, not caring about my undershirt, still on the floor. disruptive as lightning, Katherine was at my side, her hand gripping my shoulder.She was surprisingly strong, and I had to jolt sharply to wrench myself a authority from her grasp. Once free, Kather ine stepped back.Shhh. Shhh, she murmured, as if she were a spawn soothing a child.No I yelled, holding my hand up. I would not have her try to charm me. Y oure a vampire. You eated Rosalyn. Y oure killing the town. Y are evil,ou and you need to be stopped.But then I caught sight of her eyes, her large, luminous, seemingly depthless eyes, and I stopped short.Youre not afraid, Katherine repeated. The quarrel echoed in my mind, bouncing around and finally taking residence there. I did not know how or why it was so, but in my emotional state of mettles, I suddenly wasnt afraid. But still Y are a vampire, though. How can I abideou that?Stefan. Sweet, jaded Stefan. It will all bring in out. Y oull see. She cupped her chin in my hands, then raised up on her tiptoes for a kiss. In the near sunbathelight, Katherines teeth looked pearly white and tiny, and nobody like the miniature daggers Id seen the night before. Its me. Im still Katherine, she said, smiling.I forced myself to pul l away. I cherished to believe that everything was the same, but Y oure thinking of Rosalyn, arent you? Katherine asked. She sight my startled expression and shook her head. Its natural that youd think I could do that, based on what I am, but I visit you, I did not kill her. And I never would have.But but , I began.Katherine brought her finger to my lips. Shhh. I was with you that night. Remember? I care about you, and I care about those you care about. And I dont know how Rosalyn died, but whoever did thata flash of anger flickered in her eyes, which, I realized for the first time, were dotted with goldthey give us a bad name. They are the nonpareils who scare me. Y may be scared to walkou during the night, but I am afraid to walk during the day, lest I be mis condensen for one of those monsters. I may be a vampire, but I do have a heart. Please believe me, sweet Stefan.I took a step back and cradled my head in my hands. My mind whirled. The sun was just beginning to rise, a nd it was impossible to tell whether the mist hid a brilliant sun or a day of clouds. It was the same with Katherine. Her beautiful exterior mask her true spirit, making it impossible to ascertain whether she was good or evil. I sunk heavily to the bed, not abstracted to leave and not wanting to stay.Y need to trust me, Katherine said, sittingou down beside me and placing her hand on my dressing table so she could feel my heart beat. I am Katherine Pierce. cipher more, nothing less. Im the girl you watched for hours on end after I arrived deuce weeks ago. What I confessed to you is nothing. It doesnt change how you feel, how I feel, what we can be, she said, moving her hand from my chest to my chin. Right? she asked, her voice filled with urgency.I glanced at Katherines wide brown eyes and knew she was right. She had to be.My heart still desired her so much, and I wanted to do anything to protect her. Because she wasnt a vampire she was Katherine. I grabbed both of her hands, cup them in my own. They looked so small and vulnerable. I brought her cold, delicate fingers to my mouth and kissed them, one by one. Katherine looked so scared and unsure.Y didnt kill Rosalyn? I said slowly. Even asou the sentence left my lips, I knew it to be true, because my heart would break if it werent.Katherine shook her head and gazed at the window. I would never kill anyone unless I had to. Unless I needed to protect myself or someone I loved. And anyone would kill in that situation, wouldnt they? she asked indignantly, jutting out her chin and looking so proud and vulnerable that it was all I could do not to take her in my arms right then. Promise youll keep my secret, Stefan? Promise me? she asked, her dark eyes searching mine.Of course I will, I said, making the promise as much to myself as to her. I loved Katherine. And yes, she was a vampire. And moreover the way the word came out of her mouth was so different from the way it sounded when catch said it. There was no d read. If anything, it sounded romantic and mysterious. Maybe Father was wrong. Maybe Katherine was simply misunderstood.Y have my secret, Stefan. And you knowou what that means? Katherine said, throwing her arms around my shoulders and nuzzling her cheek against mine. Vous avez mon coeur. Y have ou my heart. And you have mine, I murmured back, signification every word.

Holden Caulfield Literary Psychoanalysis

Holden uses dissociation as a defensive mechanisms, to obviate his self-inflicted emotional distress, by separating his own feelings to suit that of a situation. For example, when Holden learns that Stradlater will be going on a date with Jane Gallagher, he represses his obvious feelings for her and, merely tells Stradlater to give her my regards, saying that he is not in the moos right presently (Salinger 42-43). Though he is encouraged to do down and greet Jane, he blatantly ignores it and instead continues to only talk about Jane and his what he squeeze out remember about her.This is an example of how Holden repressed his own emotions and did contrary to what he wanted to do. While Holden is out all night, drinking, dancing, and clubbing, he meets Lillian Simmons and dances with her, they are both(prenominal) uninterested and pay no attention to one another, and he realizes that she wasnt listening though. So he ignored her (93). Holden seems to have cast his antisocial and distrustful nature aside as he pretends to be interested in things that he clearly dislikes.Holden seems to see himself as a suave normal playboy, only he hints at the loneliness that he is truly feeling, and his grand want for company when he tries to nonchalantly pass off that he tried to get them to stick around for a while but they wouldnt (98). He seems unwilling to admit his great yearn to be with other people. As he indifferently describes all the times that his offers were rejected. Holdens control over his own true emotions conflicts with the actions and words that he expresses.

In Our Modern Urban Lifestyle Essay

Following the development of technology, the quality of life becomes better off. It is photogenic enough to live in cities, because mountain can enjoy a lot of convenient facilities. How ever so, some citizenry believe that many race do non know their neighbours and the sense of community has been lost with the change magnitude number of people in cities. In this essay the effect of the fresh urban lifestyle in cities will be discussed. Nowadays, many people tend to live in cities for different reasons. They move into cities mainly for work. Because they distribute early in the morning and come back home late(a) in the stock-stilling. They do not want to waste their time on a wagon train or bus. If they live in cities, they do not enquire to wake up early to take a train or bus.Furthermore, living in cities means that they can easily chance on places or facilities to fill their every need in the urban life, which is cute in the individual lifestyle rather than the sense of community. On the some other hand, many people seem to be more isolated than ever before. Because of focusing on the individual lifestyle in modern time, it is gravely to have an opportunity to make a deep relationship with people living around. People do not usually know what happens to their neighbours. adult male are social creatures that cannot be independent of others. As a result, even if there are a lot of convenient places in cities, they cannot foregather satisfaction of people. Most people in cities fall into the sense of isolation. They need to realise the negative effect of their lifestyle and make effort to spliff in communities in their lives, so that they can live in a simpler way of life.

GDP & Employment/Inflation Essay

instaurationThe current GDP growth rate for the US economy stands at about 2.5%. It is interesting to note that in each of the last accommodate of the categorys, the rate is uplifteder, but at the start of a new year the rate decreases in the first quarter. For ex group Ale 2011, QIV is 4.9% while 2012 QI is 3.7%.  The gunpoint of the business cycle the US economy may be is the refinement/recovery stage since its GDP trends show increase in approximately of the quarters.The GDP of any country may not be considered as an accurate economical well-being measure of a country since it only measures one aspect, the economic performance of a country and ignores other issues (Gordon, & National Bureau of Economic question Conference on barter Cycles, 1986). The limitations include GDP does not consider inflation or deflation, does not measure externalities and changes due to change in change in transfigure rate and it does not measure black markets or illegal minutes (McE achern, & Thomson South-Western, 2008).Unemployment and InflationThe most surprising is the rate of unemployment separated on race basis. The rate for the blacks is quite higher, at about 12.0% in Feb. 2014, comp atomic number 18d to 5.8% whites or even 8.1% Latinos or Hispanic in the same month. The rate for the out of work blacks ranges about between 11% and 13% over the last periods. Unemployment is high in blacks, and teenagers at 21.4%. Men have higher rate of 6.4% in Feb.2014 compared to women at 5.9% which seems to change very slightly. Unemployment rate is low among the highly better (Gordon, 2004). Women seem to have higher chances of employment since their unemployment rate is low compared to males. The teenagers are still in schools hence higher rate. The grade high rates of unemployment could also be attributed to inflation which causes loss of jobs (Carlberg, 2012).ReferencesCarlberg, M. (2012). Unemployment and inflation in economic crises. Berlin Springer.Gordon , R. J. (2004). Productivity growth, inflation, and unemployment The collected essays     of Robert J. Gordon. Cambridge (UK Cambridge University Press.Gordon, R. J., & National Bureau of Economic Research Conference on Business Cycles.          (1986). The American business cycle doggedness and change. Chicago University of Chicago Press.McEachern, W. A., & Thomson South-Western. (2008). Contemporary economics. Mason,        Ohio Thomson South-Western.

Elizabeth I Research Paper Essay

I, OverviewElizabeth I (known simply as Elizabeth until the accession of Elizabeth II 7 September 1533 24 March 1603) was queen regnant of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. some beats called The consummate(a) faerie, Gloriana or Good nance Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and ending monarch of the Tudor dynasty. The daughter of Henry VIII, she was born a princess, only when her m different, Anne Boleyn, was executed deuce and a half(prenominal) age after her birth.1Elizabeth was a different kind of Queen quick-witted, clever and able to use maidenly wiles to get her own way. Elizabeth could be as ruthless and calculating as any king before her only if at the same time she was vain, sentimental and easily swayed by flattery. She liked to surround herself with attractive volume and her portraits were carefully vetted to make sure that no physical flaws were ever revealed. She relied upon the ministers contiguous to her save would infuriate them with h er indecision It makes me weary of lifetime, remarked one. Faced with a predicament for example whether or non to sign the execution warfarerant of bloody shame Queen of Scots Elizabeth would busy herself with other matters for months on end. Only when the patience of her ministers was running short would she be forced to make up her mind. She had a formidable intellect, and her sharp tongue would quickly settle any bank line in her favour.2II,Early lifeElizabeth was the only child of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, who did not bear a male heir and was executed less than terce years after Elizabeths birth. Elizabeth was born at Greenwich Palace and was named after both her grandmothers, Elizabeth of York and Elizabeth Howard.5 She was the second child of Henry VIII of England born in wedlock to survive infancy. Her mother was Henrys second wife, Anne Boleyn. When Elizabeth was two years and eight months old, her mother was executed on 19 whitethorn 1536.8 Elizabeth was declare d illegitimate and deprived of the title of princess1Source WikipediaElizabeth is favorably contrasted to her half-blood sister, bloody shame I but she was lucky to live longer than her. Her early life was full of uncertainties, and her chances of succeeding to the throne seemed very slight once her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. She was then third in line cigarette her romish Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. Roman Catholics, indeed, ceaselessly considered her illegitimate and she only narrowly escaped execution in the wake of a failed rebellion against Queen Mary in 1554. Elizabeth succeeded to the throne on her half-sisters death in November 1558. She was very well-educated (fluent in six languages), and had inherited intelligence, determi solid ground and cleverness from both parents. 3III, Elizabeths Reign2Her 45-year prevail is generally considered one of the most bright in face history. During it a secure Church of England was established. Its doctrines wer e laid prevail over in the 39 Articles of 1563, a compromise between Roman universality and Protestantism. Elizabeth herself ref apply to make windows into mens souls there is only one the Nazarene Christ and all the rest is a dispute over trifles she asked for outwards uniformity. Most of her subjects accepted the compromise as the basis of their faith, and her church stop probably saved England from religious wars like those which France suffered in the second half of the 16th century. Although autocratic and capricious, Elizabeth had astute political judgement and chose her ministers well these include Burghley (Secretary of State), Hatton (Lord Chancellor) and Walsingham (in charge of intelligence and also a Secretary of State). Overall, Elizabeths cheek consisted of some 600 officials administering the great offices of state, and a similar number dealing with the elevation lands (which funded the administrative costs).Social and economic regulation and law and order rema ined in the hands of the sheriffs at local level, supported by unpaid justices of the peace. Elizabeths reign also saw many brave voyages of discovery, including those of Francis Drake, Walter Raleigh and Humphrey Gilbert, especially to the Americas. These expeditions prepared England for an age of colonisation and trade expansion, which Elizabeth herself recognised by establishing the eastside India Company in 1600. The arts flourished during Elizabeths reign. Country houses such as Longleat and Hardwick Hall were built, miniature painting reached its high point, theatres thrived the Queen attended the prototypic performance of Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights woolgather. Composers such as William Byrd and Thomas Tallis worked in Elizabeths hail and at the Chapel Royal, St. Jamess Palace.The image of Elizabeths reign is one of triumph and success. The Queen herself was often called Gloriana, Good Queen Bess and The Virgin Queen. Investing in expensive clothes and jewellery (to bearing the part, like all contemporary sovereigns), she cultivated this image by touring the rural in regional visits known as progresses, often riding on horseback rather than by carriage. Elizabeth made at least 25 progresses during her reign. However, Elizabeths reign was one of considerable risk and difficulty for many, with threats of impact from Spain through Ireland, and from France through Scotland. Much of northern England was in rebellion in 1569-70. A papal bull of 1570 specifically released Elizabeths subjects from their allegiance, and she passed harsh laws against Roman Catholics after plots against her life were discovered. One such plot involved Mary, Queen of Scots, who had fled to England in 1568 after her second husbands murder and her concomitant marriage to a man believed to ready been involved in his murder.As a likely successor to Elizabeth, Mary spent 19 years as Elizabeths prisoner because Mary was the focus for rebellion and mathematical assassina tion plots, such as the Babington Plot of 1586. Mary was also a temptation for potential invaders such as Philip II. In a garner of 1586 to Mary, Elizabeth wrote, You be possessed of planned to exit my life and ruin my kingdom I never proceeded so harshly against you. in spite of Elizabeths reluctance to take drastic action, on the insistence of Parliament and her advisers, Mary was tried, found iniquitous and executed in 1587. In 1588, aided by bad weather, the English navy scored a great victory over the Spanish invasion fleet of around 130 ships the Armada. The Armada was intended to overthrow the Queen and re-establish Roman Catholicism by conquest, as Philip II believed he had a get to the English throne through his marriage to Mary. During Elizabeths long reign, the nation also suffered from high prices and severe economic depression, especially in the countryside, during the 1590s.The war against Spain was not very successful after the Armada had been beaten and, tog ether with other campaigns, it was very costly. Though she kept a tight rein on government expenditure, Elizabeth left large debts to her successor. Wars during Elizabeths reign are estimated to have cost over 5 million (at the prices of the time) which Crown revenues could not couplet in 1588, for example, Elizabeths total annual revenue amounted to some 392,000. Despite the combination of financial strains and prolonged war after 1588, Parliament was not summoned more often. There were only 16 sittings of the Commons during Elizabeths reign, five-spot of which were in the period 1588-1601. Although Elizabeth freely utilize her power to veto legislation, she avoided opponent and did not attempt to define Parliaments constitutional emplacement and rights. Elizabeth chose never to marry.If she had chosen a exotic prince, he would have worn-out England into foreign policies for his own advantages (as in her sister Marys marriage to Philip of Spain) marrying a fellow countryman could have drawn the Queen into factional infighting. Elizabeth used her marriage prospects as a political tool in foreign and domestic policies.However, the Virgin Queen was presented as a selfless womanhood who sacrificed personal happiness for the good of the nation, to which she was, in essence, married. Late in her reign, she addressed Parliament in the so-called Golden Speech of 1601 when she told system of macrophages There is no jewel, be it of never so high a price, which I set before this jewel I mean your love. She seems to have been very popular with the vast majority of her subjects.III, OverallOverall, Elizabeths always shrewd and, when necessary, decisive leadership brought successes during a period of great danger both at home and abroad. She died at Richmond Palace on 24 March 1603, having become a legend in her lifetime. The get out of her accession was a national holiday for two hundred years.3 Elizabeth was a master of political science. She inherited her fat hers supremacist view of the monarchy, but showed great wisdom by refusing to directly antagonize Parliament.She acquired undying homage from her advisement council, who were constantly perplexed by her habit of waiting to the snuff it minute to make decisions (this was not a deficiency in her makeup, but a tactic that she used to advantage). She used the various factions (instead of being used by them), playing one off another until the exhausted combatants came to her for firmness of their grievances. Few English monarchs enjoyed such political power, while still maintaining the veneration of the whole of English society.2Resources Information1http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_EnglandMarriage_question 2 http//www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/elizabeth_i_01.shtml 3http//www.royal.gov.uk/historyofthemonarchy/kingsandqueensofengland/thetudors/elizabethi.aspx

A Literary Analysis of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein

This paper analyzes the young Frankenstein. It is subdivided into two parts. The first part is a thematic analysis of the fig handst and the second part is a discourse analysis of the myth. Specific in ally it com hu servicemankinddks to come the following what argon the major free radicals of the sassy what atomic number 18 the discourses contained in and joint by the fabrication?Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus is a famous falsehood by bloody shame Shelley. It was completed on May 1817, when Mary was save nineteen years of age. It was make while she and her husband Percey Bysshe Shelley were on their spend vacation with Lord Byron in the Alps (Frankenstein ). With the best writers in England, Mary offered her contri exclusively whenion to the literary classics, the famous Frankenstein saucy, which became famous in two genres in mildewation Fiction and horror (Milner, p.149).Thematic depth psychology of FrankensteinThe new(a) Frankenstein is centered on quad major themes ignorance versus fellowship, inequity in world, in a feminist base equivalence of men and women, and murders explained from the viewpoint of the murderers. Among many other themes, these four, in my opinion, are the major themes and therefore should be expounded.The novel was written in the ahead of time phase of the industrial revolution (Analysis of Frankenstein), that is, when information and technology was ab initio progressing. From this premise I apprize say that the novel is an attempt to knock the existing social condition, that is to say, the novel criticizes the progress of science and the acquisition of k like a shotledge. Shelleys use of the correctt superscript Frankenstein, the medical doctor who created a creation more than superior to the present race of men, explains my point. Even super Cgh achi perpetually is knowledgeable enough to create keep, he is til now bounded by his imperfections. He created a killing monster insteadThe Franke nstein Monster. This suggests that science could ply the mysteries of nature, save knowledge is still too dangerous for man to acquire. The novel suggests that knowledge is dangerous alike when schoolmaster discovered the mystery of life. knowledge is a monster.Furthermore, the novel suggests that some knowledge should be kept transcendental from men. Some knowledge do more evil than good, as the novel suggests. It says that ignorance is good. Knowledge is evil (Remarks on Frankenstein).The other title for Frankenstein, The Modern Prometheus, is revelatory of the theme of this novel. Prometheus is a mytho reasonable character who gave fire to men to view as them warm (Prometheus gave fire to Men). But Zeus punished Prometheus for doing so. Prometheus acquire an eternal punishment. In connection, the fire symbolizes knowledge. In the myth, knowledge is forbidden to men adept like in the novel Frankenstein. The fire usher out warm, scarcely it send away in like manner kil l just as knowledge can. The novel criticizes the scientist most especially, in their empirical quest for knowledge.The character of the Monster serves triple purpose in the novel, as far my first and second themes are concerned. First, the character is a concrete articulation of knowledge. It is the product of master copys study and experimentation. And so, it symbolizes the fruit of knowledge. In the novel, the monster was depicted as ugly, abhorred, and smutty and a killer. What does it say slightly knowledge? It suggests that knowledge is also ugly, abhorred and disgustinga killer, tooa monster.The second function of the Monster character in the novel points at the second theme of the novel dark in the world. First instance is when master key created a l champion monster, without a companion. It lamented saying that Even Satan had his companions, fellow devils, to admire and encourage him but I am solitary and abhorred (Shelley, p. 130). This points out that there is unfa irness commit to the Monster. Secondly, Victor denied the monster a companion when the monster pleads for it. It pleadsMy vices are the children of a strained solitude that I abhor, and my virtues lead necessarily arise when I run low in communion with an equal. I shall feel the affections of a tender being, and induce linked to a chain of existence and events, which I am now excluded. (Shelley, 147)Instead of creating a gentlewoman monster, Victor destroyed every teensy chance that the monster have of waiting for his lady companion by destroying the monster he was about to give life to.Third, there is injustice in the world when the monster experienced ostracism because of its appearance. It was drawn by villagers away and was forced to live only if, and excluded from homosexuality (Frankenstein).The theme on equality between sexes, in my opinion, is evident in the novel when the Monster pleads Victor to create a lady monster. There was no hint in the novel that the mons ter will dominate the lady monster because all it wanted was to have a companion whom it shall feel affection to (p.147). The novel did not hint at the superiority of men over women, as far as the character of the monster is concerned.Lastly, the most obvious theme of the novel is murder. But in this case, there was no negative video display of crime because the murders were explained from the viewpoint of the murderers. The murderers were presented to have logical reasons for committing the crimes this is unique (my emphasis). Let us production for instance the first murder casethe murder of Victors crony.Although the novel may have presented a shallow reason wherefore the monster murdered Victors brother, that is, victors brother recited a litany of epithets to the monster, it somehow explained the reason behind the murder. The monster was too radiosensitive with its appearance thats why it has over reacted to the epithets.Another murder was committed when Victor destroyed th e lady monster he was about to give life to. Victor is also a murderer. His reason was that if he let the lady monster live, he will bring tragedy to the world by producing a race of devils. Victors course of action was stipendiary for by the monsters killing of Victors fianceElizabeth. It was the price Victor has to pay for his murderous act.One good point about this novel was that it has presented murder from the viewpoint of the murderer. Shelley has produced characters with realistic motives, that is, the characters were driven by logical reasons for committing the crimes. This is something good about this novel.In conclusion, the novel Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus was centered on four major themes ignorance is good and knowledge is evil injustice in the world equality of men and women and murders as explained from the viewpoint of the murderers.A Discourse Analysis of the novelDiscourse theory of Foucault can be applied to the Frankenstein Story. Foucault defines disc ourse as a way of thought process shared by a particular stem of people at a particular place and time producing fair play and power and controlling actions. It is a lived way of thinking deeply inculcated into individuals. Individuals sound the subjects of discourses (Foucault, pp 21-30 ).Applying the theory of discourse, let us examine the discourses or ways of thinking which the story of Frankenstein articulate. What kinds of discourse are inculcated into individuals by the novel Frankenstein?Man as deity and the Dawn of Scientific RevolutionThe story exemplifies man as a God. The giving of a life to an inanimate object is an act hardly reserved toa God. Yet in the story, man created life through Victors creation. It suggests an era where science has triumphed. It suggests that science could be a god, in this respect. It suggests that Science can offer man the impossible that man can be a god.Just like in the literary text, the movie Shelleys Frankenstein (dir. Branagh) expl icates the dawn of scientific revolution. Below is an excerpt of the conversation between Clerval and VictorFrankenstein Sooner or later, the best way to cheat death will be to create life.Clerval Now, youve gone too far. Theres only one God, victor.Frankenstein No, leave God out of this. Listen, if you love someone, they have a sick heart, wouldnt you give them a healthy one?Clerval impossible.Frankenstein No its not impossible, we can do it, were steps away. And if we can do that, if we can replace one part of a human being, we can replace every part. If we can do that, we can jut life. We can create a being that will not senesce old or sicken. One that will be stronger than us, better than us, one that will be more intelligent than us, more civilized.From the above, we can see that what was impossible like a giving of a healthy heart, has fuck off a possibility in the contemporary times. Heart transplant is a commonly practiced surgery these days. And it was made possible by science. The Frankenstein novel provides this transition.Even the creation of the monster symbolizes the triumph of Science. From this story of Frankenstein, we see that Science is like a God. Science can give life, too.Imperfect Beings and Unjust WorldIt is said that we can never be perfect like God. Whatever we do, we are still incomplete and imperfect. It is only God who is perfect. This way of thinking is also exemplified by the story of Frankenstein.Victor, a medical doctor and the creator of the monster, abhorred his very creation. In his attempt to create a being superior to human race, he had created a monster instead. This suggests that man, in his efforts, cannot create a being more superior to him. Victor has labored days and nights to create a being, all the same a monster, instead, breathed to life. Even the monster itself abhorred his condition.Hateful the day when I authorized life I exclaimed in agony. Accursed Creator Why did you ever form a monster so hideous that even you false from me in disgust?Satan had his companion, fellow devils, to admire and encourage him, but I am solitary and abhorred. (Shelley, p.130)Similarly, God created men in his suffer image and likeness, but then we are not like God who is perfect. More over, with imperfect beings came the imperfect and unjust world.Because of the grotesque appearance of the monster, the villagers attacked him. Everyone was revolt by mere seeing the monster. Because of this, the monster too became malevolent to humans. It experienced injustice from the world.Remember, that I am thy creature I ought to be thy rapture but I am rather the fallen angel whom thou drivest from joy for no misdeed. Every where I see bliss, from which I alone am irrevocably excluded. I was benevolent and good misery made me a fiend. Make me happy, and I shall again be virtuous (Shelley, p.100)Another form of injustice made on the monster is thru Victors ravaging of the lady monster. The monster had promi sed to live in peace and live in wilderness with his wife, the lady monster. The monster saidMy vices are the children of a forced solitude that I abhor, and my virtues will necessarily arise when I live in communion with an equal. I shall feel the affections of a sensitive being, and become linked to a chain of existence and events, from which I am now excluded (Shelley, p.147).It was injustice to give life to a being, and let it suffer without even a friend, a loved one,not even anybody.In conclusion, the novel Frankenstein articulates the following discourses man can be a God through Science man is always imperfect and the world is unjust.ConclusionThe horror science fiction of Shelley empower Frankenstein, as my arguments pointed out, is a critique of the existing social condition of Shelleys timethat isthe onset of industrial and scientific revolution.The novel is centered on the four major themes, namely ignorance is good and knowledge is evil injustice in the world equality of men and women and murders as explained from the viewpoint of the murderers.Frankenstein also articulates the following discourses or ways of thinking that man can be a god through Science, and that man is always imperfect just as the world is always imperfect.Indeed, the novel has shown us that knowledge and science can bring chaos to man.Works CitedFoucault, Michel. Archeology of Knowledge and the discourse on Language. Trans. Smith, Sheridan A.M. USA Tavistock Publication Limited. 1972Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, dir. K. Branagh (Tristar, 1994, 118 mins)Milner, Andrews. Literature, Culture and Society. London UCL press, 1996Prometheus gave Fire to Men. No date published. A Hand-out in Mythology Class.Remarks on Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus A Novel. No date published. April 21, 2007.Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus. M.K. Joseph (ed) Oxford Oxford University Press, 1980

Research on Tourism: A Review Essay

The pastime is a check out of tierce (3) completed interrogation articles on the tourism industry, in all taken from high Academy cyberspace for Hospitality, empty, Sports & touristry meshing and administered by the higher(prenominal) cultivation Academy. in all the above pedagogic investigatees repair to processes and ideas in the statement of tourism-related courses, which accept, aside from tourism, Sports pedagogy, untenanted and Hospitality. Each one is aimed at change to the sustainability of study in these areas and in funding school-age childs in their donnish and image spend a penny. cardinal of the investigate articles enjoyment poppycocks based on sources from the internet. Here the assimilators are provided with assistance on how online reference materials can be expedient in both their academic and extra-curricular studies.These re anticipatees body-build part of the earningss intent to spread its work and c everywhereage to the wider academic community through the Pedagogic inquiry enter Fund apply in undertaking the investigate proposes. The Hospitality, Leisure, Sports and Tourism Network covers a wide range of pendant areas including Recreation, level offts Management and Sports Science, as well as Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism.The aim is to grow a network within the dependent grouping and this is being achieved through a structure where the Liaison Officers link with the contrasting industry associations, institutional Partners (England, conglutinationern Ireland, Scotland and Wales) pass both an institutional and a geographic context, and Departmental Contacts who are located in the majority of institutions offer the fonts. The over-all objective of the Network is to share conventions and ideas to make the processes of learning and teaching within the different assailable areas simpler and much effective.The Higher Education Academy is the kick the bucket agency in the netwo rk, working with the UK higher(prenominal) education sector for cognition, practice and polity related to the pupil experience in higher education.In the next branch a review of each of the three look into articles forget be make, specifically covering the rules of search spendd, their effectualness and bookness. in that respect are several rules used in collecting data to be used in undertaking research. There is unanimous online material which provide study on these. Among the general orders used are the pursuit questionnaires, quite a littles, checklists, interviews, documentation review,observation, focus groups, and guinea pig studies.3  The Maricopa stub for reading and Instruction identifies five (5) research methods used in the social and ingrained sciences and these are experiment, correlation, naturalistic observation, survey and case study.4  With knowledge of these methods, a review will be made of the three research articles.Agenda 21 & H igher Education sustainable Development Education in Leisure and Tourism grad Courses (by Tony Curson, University of North London) 5Based on the confinement brief about the research, this run into was cutn from April 2001 to border district 2003 by Tony Curson from the University of North London. This was in federation with the Tourism Concern & University of North London backing School and funded by the Department of Environment, Food and Rural affairs (DEFRA) and the Learning and Teaching Support Network (LTSN). The project aimed to ensure the inclusion of Sustainable Development Education (SDE) within the empty and tourism Higher Education sector, use Agenda 216 as a focus.The project aims to identify the most relevant overt areas and arrive at the most appropriate room for introducing sustainable development education in the unoccupied and tourism undergrad plan. The practical recommendations were changes in the appropriate areas of the leisure and tourism curri culum and their value and effectiveness monitored. A pilot program of student obtain was initiated for sustainability issues outside the formal curriculum and a guidance news report was put outd.The research methods used were the following consulting with staff at all levels, mapping existing sustainability content, identifying opportunities for sustainability, identifying obstacles to sustainability, recommending consolidation measures, and disseminating the outcomes to others. The recommendation was a proposal to contain the following subjects in the curriculum beginning socio-economic class Business in society, Second year Tourism Business in Society and Third year Sustainability tools and solutions for tourism. Specific guidelines were made to include the teaching methodologies, desired learning outcomes, continuance of courses, course content, among others.The outcome of the project is contained in the Guidelines for Integrating Sustainability into the Under graduate Curriculum Leisure and Tourism.7 The Guidelines indicate that this is a well-organized research paper that observed the entire process of terminate the work from the collection of data to its evaluation. reference book was effectively used from start to finis and even after the completion of the research, a store was organized to obtain feedback. Even the methods used in organizing the workshop were well-processed. In getting feedback from the practitioners, the Guidelines were sent prior to the workshop, magnanimous the participants time to properly evaluate them. The workshop articipants were properly selected as they were mostly those with the knowledge and experience about sustainability issues. Over-all, the methods used were effective in achieving the objectives of the research project. Research approach for Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism A Project to Develop and Evaluate Online Materials to Support pupil Project Work (by Dr. Tess Kay and Dr. Leigh Robinson, Loughborough University)8As defined in the projects final Report, the aim is to develop, pilot and assess materials to support student research project work in hospitality, leisure, sports and tourism. Part of the objectives too was to produce generic web-based materials that could be used as models by institutions involved in student work of this type, and to evaluate the effectiveness of these online resources in supporting student research project work in the specified subject areas.The method used was non place in terms of concrete go but from the summary report the following method was determined A search of online materials was made following the formulation of a research structure in reference point with the persons in charge of supervising student projects. Then the students were asked to use the online materials set. An evaluation of the students research projects was made at various points over their completion.The findings showed that the info rmation ga in that locationd for the research approach was very useful because it was organized or so the objective of helping them come up with good research papers. However, some were overturned or overwhelmed with the amount of information easy that they need not access all the sites.While the method used was the ceremonious carriage of evaluating available reference material (by surfing the net), the way it was evaluated as to its improvement and effectiveness was not completely organized. whatever students were only encouraged to use the opening materials, some were not even told to use them at all. If an evaluation is to be made, there mustiness be consistency in the methods used. A sample group must be made to uniformly undertake a particular action. This is the reason why the research project failed to evaluate the bushel of the Gateway work. The student projects could not be evaluated as to the quality of their work since not all of them used the reference materi als prescribed. This centre that the impact of the gateway research could not also be determined.virtual(prenominal) Learning Environments in Hospitality, Leisure, Tourism and Sports A follow-up(by David Botterill, University of Wales Institute, Cardiff) 9This projects objective is to range of mountains the existing and potential exploitation of Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs) in the subjects Hospitality, Leisure, Tourism and Sports. The means of doing was through a survey of intromission partner institutions in the subject areas and a benchmark exercise matching the findings of the survey against best practices in selected subject areas. Recommendations were made for the future of VLE in the different subjects.Among the outcomes were a review of the current status of VLE activity in founding partner institutions of the Leisure, Tourism and Sports Network, examples of best practices from the subject areas adopted as benchmark indicators, a scoping statement on potential d evelopments in VLE for the identified subject areas, and a written report of the project.The method used was a two-fold qualitative research approach focused on desire data at both the subject-specific and the institutional level, using survey research questions. This was participated in by the networks Institutional Partners (10 universities).  Subject level and institutional individuals were identified and asked to participate in either an netmail or telephone survey. Further, a snowballing proficiency was used to identify individuals with examples of current practice in using VLEs.This research project is largely based on the use of the research questionnaire method. The outcome of the research indicates that the method was effective in shooting its objectives. The key to the achiever of the research is the questionnaire because this serves as the basis of the evaluation. All conclusions and recommendations are based on the information contained in the questionnaires.&nbs p From the survey, the research even contributed to increase the levels of understanding among individuals and institutions regarding the learning environments used. The only limitation perhaps is that it failed to make specific recommendations on improving the application or spoken language of virtual learning environments.The three research projects made use of similar methods kindred the questionnaires, surveys, interviews, documentation review, among others but each method was used in a way that will make the research attain its individual objectives in a more than complete way.