Characteristics of imprisonment in the nineteenth century Essay

Characteristics of imprisonment in the nineteenth century - Essay Example Characteristics of imprisonment in the nineteenth century During the 17th century, prison was any place that the offenders were held while awaiting the punishment. During the 17th century, London Bridewell house was constructed as a prototype prison that could hold the disorderly poor in order to instill the habits of work through prison labour. The 19th century witnessed the implementation of the first state prison that was the national penitentiary at Millbank in London. The prisoners were kept in separate cells, but were allowed to associate during the day. Pentoville prions was constructed in 1842 with cells measuring 13 feet long, 9 feet high and 7 feet in width and operated a separate system that entailed solitary confinement of the prisoners. Peel’s Gaol Act of 1823 had separated the prisons depending on the status of the offender. The prisoners were confined in a separate cell and were tied with rope and communication to other prisoners was impossible. Select Committee of the House of Lords recommended for the appointment of Prison Inspectorate and implementation of silent prison system. The first stage of silent system was solitary confinement for a period of up to nine months that was coupled with hard labour and prayers in the cells. The second penal stage was the provision of sleep and meals in a separate cell, but the prisoner would be allowed to work with the rest of prisoners. The third stage was consisted the conditional release on account of good conduct and constant police supervision. Under the silent system, food was monotonous, beds were replaced with hammocks in order to cause the offender sleepless nights and hard labour entailed Oakum picking in order to separate the fibres of an old ship’s ropes for reuse.... These systems entailed a lot of brutal punishment methods such as electric shocks, starvation and plugging of prisoners in boiling water. However, many boroughs decided to give up their prisons instead of incurring higher expenses of maintaining the prisoners (Emsley 89). In 1877, the prisons were nationalized and came under the control of Prison Commission. The Prison Commission was of the view that restructuring was essential in order to reduce the number of prisons and stop reoffending. The Prison Commission asserted its won control of prisons and standardised the regulations of all prisons thus leading to uniformity. Conclusion I agree with Sidney and Beatrice that the nineteenth century prison policy was ultimately ‘the fetish of uniformity’. After the passage of Prison Act of 1865, the Prison Commission implemented measures of standardizing services offered to prisoners including the quality of food, the number of labour hours and ensured that prisoners wore unifor ms while in the cells. In addition, the prisons employed new qualified personnel such as psychologists, caseworkers and welfare officers who were tasked with providing counseling services and providing treatment to the prisoners. By mid 1890s, the Prison Commission had successfully implemented uniformity, efficiency in administration and welfare services in prisons. The 1898 Prison Act gave the Secretary of State to make rules governing prisons and a Board of Independent Visitors for every convict prison was established (Emsley 113). Question (b). ‘When we look back, transportation captures our contemporary attention as a sensible, colourful and almost exciting way of dealing with serious offenders. But with the benefit of hindsight, we can appreciate

Relationships in Julius Caesar Essay Example for Free

Relationships in Julius Caesar Essay In Julius Caesar, the relationships between Julius Caesar, Marcus Brutus, Mark Antony and Caius Cassius are very important. They show the motivations for the characters actions throughout the play. While some relationships may be sincere, others may be little more than one-sided political alliances. Brutus is manipulated by Cassius plot against Caesar. Brutus own naà ¯ve leads to the plot failing and ultimately his downfall. The relationship between Caesar and Brutus is a sincere friendship. While it isnt revealed how long they have known each other, they seem to be good friends. This friendship is the reason why, at first, Brutus is hesitant to join Cassius in his conspiracy. However, Brutus thinks that Caesar should not be in power because he will be corrupted by political power and look down on everyone else. When Brutus stabs Caesar, the latter asks et tu, Brute?, seemingly in shock at the fact that his friend could have betrayed him. Mark Antony and Caesar were close friends. Antony adored Caesar and followed his every command without question. They were even related, thus being family. Antony faithfully avenges Caesars death at the end of the play, amassing his army and defeating Cassius and Brutus forces. Antony addresses the Romans at Caesars funeral, acting as a powerful rhetorician and convincing the plebians that Cassius and the rest of the conspirators are wrong in killing Caesar. Cassius uses Brutus as the spearhead of his plan to kill Caesar. Since Brutus is well-respected, Cassius conspiracy gains respect among those who know about it. Brutus sees Cassius as a close friend and thus joins him in the plot. Brutus does not seem to realize that Cassius wants to topple Caesar out of envy. Brutus shows his naà ¯vetà © in believing that conspiracy is for the good of Rome rather than a political plot. The relationships between these characters in Julius Caesar ultimately lead to Brutus downfall. Antonys loyalty to Caesar, Brutus love for Caesar and his trust of Cassius all drive the plot in the play. While Brutus sees Cassius as a friend and colleague, Cassius sees Brutus as a political ally in his plot against Caesar. Antonys loyalty to Caesar leads him to avenge his friends death, resulting in both Cassius and Brutus deaths.

is social science scientific Essay -- essays research papers

Is Social Science Scientific? Sociology is undoubtedly a logical science; it has the characteristics that other sciences have, its own theories that can be proved, as well as having systematic theories and laws. John Maynard Keynes refuted the many statements made by Auguste Comte and Friedrich Engels, simply he described social sciences as â€Å"illogical† and â€Å"dull.† Thus, without providing any sufficient evidence, he had not proven that, in fact, sociology is not scientific. Auguste Comte regularly compared sociology to other familiar forms of science, like biology, physics, and chemistry. In doing so, he made the assumption that others believed sociology to be scientific. Comte, unintentionally, provided adequate evidence as to why sociology is scientific, while at the same time simply describing sociology as a whole. Much like Comte, Friedrich Engels also found social sciences to be scientific, Engels was able to apply Comte’s beliefs and the basis of sociology to practical situatio ns and groups of people. His strong belief in the science of sociology helped him form the basic idea that knowledge is what makes a person free; thus, ignorance is what restricts people. John Maynard Keynes is considered the challenger of Friedrich Engels, because he often disputed Engels’ work, especially his work on social sciences. Keynes found socialism to be a utopianism ideal, which caused people to be easily influenced without really being aware of all the facts. He didn’t believe that the...

HP Case study analysis Essay

Hewlett Packard Company was founded in 1939 by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard. The company was incorporated in 1947 and became a public company in 1957. HP is based in the United States and has its headquarters located in Palo Alto, California. The company has specialized in the development and manufacture of personal computers, computer peripherals, software and hardware. The main products are personal computer hardware, data storage appliances and other related devices. HP markets its products to individual customers as well as corporate customers. The company has adopted both direct and online marketing strategies for its products in the global markets. Since its establishment, the company has encountered stiff competition from other companies in the global markets. In the last one decade, the company has adopted several strategies to improve performance and create sustainable market position in the global scene. The merger with Compaq was established with an aim of improving the global position of the company as well as adopting better technologies (Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L. P. 2010). HP has adopted various strategies to improve its market share in the global scene. Adoption of modern technology has been a major success factor in the efforts to come up with differentiated products. There has been stiff competition in the market leading to decline in the market share for the company. The management has made tremendous change to ensure its brands are acceptable in many markets all over the world (Harris, 2007). External Environment Technology in the personal computing industry has been very innovative and this has been adopted by HP to manufacture competitive products. A team of researchers has been hired to carry out innovative products. The company has a good system which integrates cultural diversity by working with different personnel and customers. The culture of the company is compatible with different national cultures as well as diversified social systems. HP employs people from different cultures to work in regions where they understand the cultural practices. Few cultural conflicts have been experienced at the company. The political climate has been very good in the regions where the company has its operations. Global economic crisis of the 2007/2008 affected the performance of the company since the sales volume reduced by a great margin. The company is recovering from the shock of the economic crisis and profits have been recorded in the recent past (Malone, 2007). Industry Analysis (Porter’s Framework) Bargaining power of buyers There is no single influential buyer in the industry. There are many buyers in the market this does not provide any single buyer a strong bargaining power. Since the company markets its products to both corporate and individual customers, there are a diversified number of customers and in case one customer fails, there are others to support the company (Banna, 2008). Bargaining power of suppliers Suppliers to the company are many and there is no single supplier with monopoly of providing materials to the company. This provides the company with enough control over its suppliers since prices for products are reduced. There is no dominant supplier in the market and the company has adequate control over the pricing strategies adopted by the suppliers (Banna, 2008). Rivalry among competitors Stiff competition in the industry has resulted to rivalry among competing firms. Each company has differentiated its products to attract as many customers as possible. Use of modern technologies to develop market oriented products has been a common practice at the company and this has enabled the management to come up with better products. Rivalry among competitors in the market has resulted into price wars where companies are introducing different pricing strategies for their products (Banna, 2008). Threat of potential entry of new companies There is no regulation on entry of new companies in the industry and this has resulted into many companies entering the market. This has resulted into stiff competition for the available opportunities in the market. There are no barriers of entry to the industry and this has provided better opportunities for new investors to establish themselves in the market. The technology used in the industry is not restrictive and new companies can access ideas and knowledge about production of similar products. High profits made by existing companies in the industry have attracted more potential companies to invest in the industry. In addition, there are no barriers for excess capacity to exit the industry. The potential profits in the industry have made the large number of competitors fail to exit the market and this has resulted into price wars (Banna, 2008). Threat of substitute products Threat for substitute products has been great since there are different products which can be substituted for the HP product range. There are no barriers to introducing substitute products and companies are free to come up with better alternative products in the industry. There are many substitute products in the industry and this has intensified the level of competition (Banna, 2008). Critical Success Factors (CSFs) HP has a strong brand image in the global market. The computing industry has recognized that HP has developed better strategies of promoting its brand image. Brand management has been successfully been done by creating innovative technologies which provide better market position to the company. The quality of the products manufactured by the company is high and this has provided better opportunities to compete successfully in the global market. As the company maintains a high quality profile for its products, it has also managed to increase the volume of output from its production systems. The company has adopted mass production and this provides economies of scale. As the volume of production increases; the cost of production decreases. The company has established strong systems of governance to manage its resources effectively. Project management strategies have been adopted to maintain high technology levels in the company. IT systems of the company have been developed to compete successfully with substitute products in the market. A strong team of research has been established to carry out market surveys for developing products which will provide a large market share in the current market situation and in the future (Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L. P. 2010).

Human Trafficking in Nepal

There are many purposes for human trafficking; forced labor, slavery, removal of organs and sex slavery. Sexual exploitation, or sex trafficking, which Is the focus of this paper Is the mall type of trafficking in the country of Nepal. Many of these women who become involved in the sex world are compelled by economic circumstances and social inequality. While some enter sex work voluntarily, others become involved in sex work by force or deception, such as through sex trafficking. Human trafficking violates these very rights that are supposed to be granted.Nepal Is considered a country of origin, meaning It Is the country where women and children are mainly abducted and taken to other countries where they are sold as sex slaves. Nepal is a country with one of the lowest human development indicators, which increases the vulnerability of the young girls to trafficking and sexual abuse. Women and children, the primary victims of sex slavery, continue to be forced into a variety of sexua l activities including prostitution, pornography, striping, mall-order brides, and sex tourism, all of which can occur In public or private locations.The majority of the Naples women and children that are sold as sex slaves are sold by a family member or close friend. They are mostly smuggled into Indian's and Shanghais red light district, and to brothels in other urban cities. In the Middle East, they are exploited to work at parlor and dance bars. In many cases, older women are known to recruit young girls, promising them a better future where they can break free from the poverty In which they live In (Bales 142). Tuskers is what young Naples girls from the age of 14-16 are called when they are sold to the brothels. Ill many girls are forced or deceived Into prostitution, many willingly go into the sex industry due to their addiction to drugs, while others are in search of a better future, not only for themselves but also for their families that live with impecuniousness condition s. Also, those that do not volunteer to become trafficked are physically forced into labor, most likely sold by parents for the purpose of working off family debts to the government or organized crime groups, which exalts no exercise of choice.A huge portion of the population lives below the poverty line; 2% of the country lives with less than US$2 per day. Economic circumstance and social inequality are the strongest factors that compel women to become involved in the industry. Another factor that contributes to this industry is the balance supply of victims from sending countries and the demand from receiving countries; these countries are the one creating such unethical demands.The United Nations defines human trafficking as: means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of giving or achieving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person for the purposes of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation or the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs. United Nations 2). Forcing or using someone to profit from sexual exploitation for one's own personal benefits is not condoned by the United Nations; this sort of behavior is considered morally wrong ND offensive to many people in the affected countries . Traffickers generally use the same process when kidnapping or abducting their victims. Many of the people that are kidnapped are drugged and have a very violent removal, that way trafficker has total control of them. After the abduction, the victim is taken out of their native country and taken into a brothel in a faraway country.The reason for this is for the person to not know their surroundings, the language or laws of the country. In the process of bei ng taken to another country the victim's identity document are confiscated. When young girls are being transported from one country to another, they are given a complete new identity by which they must go by. Most victims are threatened in order to comply with the instruction the traffickers have given them. If under any circumstance they contravene the conditions they are physically abused.In the process of obtaining control of the trafficked person, they are drugged and their minds become distorted which does not allow them to think in a proper manner. Many are brainwashed into believing that there is no other better future and that they are of no worth. Human trafficking has a tremendous psychological impact on its victims as a result of the manipulation, abuse, and cultural shock experienced when forced to work a less than desirable Job in a foreign country. Once the trafficker is under control, the victim's enslavement and exploitation begins.Regardless of the violence, working and living conditions, people that are in servitude find their own mechanisms to survive. In addition to being forced to have sexual intercourse with unknown men, they are also forced to drink alcoholic beverages and do drugs when asked to. These women and young girls are not allowed to ask their customers to use protection. As a result of this, a Nepal has had at least eight to ten abortions by the age of 30. Many have said that the owners of the brothels have forced back to work two hours after having the abortion.In some cases if the girl was too young and had sexual intercourse after an abortion, she would pass away do to the intense pain and lack of nutrients. Because they are not able to use protection there are a at least 18 HOW AIDS cases reported in a hour, which means that more than 61% of the Naples women are infected with this disease in the process of having sexual intercourse with a customer (Humans Right Watch). If they refuse to do what is asked from them the custom er has the right to torture them as they please.Many men are now requesting to have sexual intercourse with young girls because there is less of chance of getting a sexually transmitted disease. In addition to this, Nepal and Indian men also believe that if they have sex with a virgin;any SST that they may have, may be removed and she told her story about when she was taken to a brothel. Gina was being forced to have sex with customer, and if she refused she was beat and raped by a group of men. â€Å"When I refused they beat me and raped me. I was only seven years old† (The Day My God Died). Many young girls are physically abused, some get burned with cigars, others burned with acid, and most of them are deprived of food and water for days until they stop refusing the requests of the customers. â€Å"They used to catch me by the hair, bang my head against the wall and throw me on the ground. They would try anything to make me have sex†¦ They beat me with a stick and so metimes hit me with aluminum rods† (The Day My God Died). During the enslavement period, the victim is physically, emotionally, and mentally abused, and if they happened to be let free, most of them attempt suicide.After their enslavement period many feel that there is no point in living with such memoirs. Many do not seek for help or go back to their hometowns because they are ashamed of what they have been through. Not only are they illegal, but isolated as well and with no other way of making a living, nearly all return to sex work, a human trafficking survivor said: â€Å"The people of my village hold me in contempt. They treat me badly. People don't understand that I was tricked and that I suffered a lot† (International Justice Mission). There are only very few ways to escape sex trafficking: being accused, released or escaping.Though there is a very low success rate for victims that try to escape, 11% of females successfully escape sex trafficking. It is very stre nuous for a person to escape; they must be physically and mentally prepared to do it, because not only are there guards that keep watch of the brothels 2417, but if they were to get caught in the process of escaping, they must be prepared to receive any punishment that will be given to them. A young girl named Kyoto Pray said she tried escaping at least three times and when she got caught, she got her hair pulled; he was beaten and even broke an arm.About 7% of females get released by their owners, for one of two reasons either they are no longer attractive or are too old to bring sufficient clients or they have been infected with HIVE . Most end their period of servitude at 18 to 22 years old when they have â€Å"repaid their debt. † During that time, the brothel owner has made a profit four to 20 times the price paid for the trafficked girl. This leaves 80% of girls in those brothels with lost dreams and hope of ever leaving that horrible place, and starting a new life. L w ould not wish that life on an enemy. It was pure hell. It would be better to hang yourself and die†(The Day My God Died). One of the main reasons why many people contribute to human trafficking is due to lack of money. As mentioned before most of the inhabitants in Nepal live with less than $2 per day. Most of the people that are involved in this business are in it in hopes off better future for their families. Due to lack of education and healthcare the slavery business seems the easiest solution to many.About 80% of Napalm's population live in rural areas and depend on subsistence farming for their livelihoods. Nepal has a limited progress in favor of their anti-trafficking laws. In 2007, trafficking in Persons and Transportation (Control) Act (TAP), Nepal law prohibits all forms of trafficking and prescribes penalties ranging from 10 to 20 years' imprisonment, which are sufficiently rigorous and commensurate with those Organization (MONGO) made plans to fund trafficking she lters in Katmandu, Assassination, and Chapman. These cities are major ports for sex trafficking.The young girls who are rescued from the brothels are taken to foster institution where they are treated for any psychological problems that they encounter. Many of the people that are rescued from their owners file a report against them, but many of the people that are involved in Napalm's government are also associated with owners of the brothels. For example, the officials and government often support and encourage trafficking by accepting bribes by brothel owners for turning a blind eye to illegal activity, or by visiting brothels for sexual services.Corrupt government and law enforcement officials are one factor that contribute to the growth of human trafficking, therefore most of the sex trafficking victims do not confide in their overspent system, which also makes it harder for sex trafficking to end in Nepal. Brothel owner make a huge profit annually it is currently estimate to $1 0 billion of revenue per year. â€Å"The trafficking industry is one with large profits, due to the low costs of forced human labor.Because the victims of trafficking are â€Å"expendable, reusable, and re-sellable† cheap commodities, particularly because they are withheld adequate food, wages, shelter, and health care, amounting to large profits for traffickers† (Neck 374). Trafficking is the worst human rights violation that one can go through it is abduction, physical and mental abuse. The pain of being ripped away from ones family and loved one, can be such a deep psychological scar, in which even though a person has been without a family for years they will never forget about the family they once had.This type of pain is something that one cannot comprehend if one has not experienced it. The inequality between women and men in Nepal is reinforced by cultural ideas that the dominance and strength off male, and compliance of the female. The discrimination that the w omen in Nepal are suffering is not only happening in this country is it also affecting many other countries around the world. The expectation of women around the world are very similar; women are to be passive, obedient , oppressed and forced into relationships with people that are forced to be with.It is very important for the men to be dominant in the relationship, as it maintains their social and economical dominance; in order to maintain control of their women they feel forced to use violence. Napalm's government is working on developing a plan do promote women's human rights. Implementing these rights will take time and cooperation of the whole country in order to for the plan to work. Anural Gorilla, is the founder of Mattie Nepal.The foundation has rescued 12,000 Nepal girls and young women from sex trafficking, many who were sold across the border to brothels in India, they are also working on reconciling abducted girls with their families. Therefore, women and children are taught sewing, basket weaving, and cooking to help them build the skills necessary to find a Job, and are also given individual counseling by psychologists in order to deal with emotional problems they are experiencing from past trafficking-related trauma.Many non government organizations like these are staring to take matters into their won hands since the overspent had not yet been successful in stopping this sex trade. â€Å"The well-being and the hopes of the peoples of the world can never be served until peace – as well â€Å"Due to the force, exploitation, and manipulation involved, this trend fundamentally violates the rights to life, liberty, and security of a person, the prohibition of slavery and slave trade in all forms, as well as that no one shall be treated in an inhumane or degrading manner† (United Nations, â€Å"Universal Declaration of Human Rights†).Can one person make a difference in the lives of the two million people that are trafficked an nually? Maybe not but if more people Joined organizations that will help the cause there would be a higher success rate of victims that are rescued from human trafficking. More people are becoming aware of human trafficking and are taking a stand to help end this; there are organization like The Project To End Human Trafficking is a non-profit organization that was founded in 2004 as part of the anti-slavery movement. The initial goal of the founders was not to begin an organization, but simply to offer educational lectures about human trafficking.

Biography of Elizabeth of York, Queen of England

Biography of Elizabeth of York, Queen of England Elizabeth of York (February 11, 1466–February 11, 1503) was a key figure in Tudor history and in the Wars of the Roses. She was the daughter of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville; Queen of England and Queen Consort of Henry VII; and the mother of Henry VIII, Mary  Tudor, and Margaret Tudor, the only woman in history to have been daughter, sister, niece, wife, and mother to English kings. Fast Facts: Elizabeth of York Known For: Queen of England, mother of Henry VIIIBorn: February 11, 1466 in London, EnglandParents: Edward IV and Elizabeth WoodvilleDied:  February 11, 1503 in London, EnglandEducation: Trained in the palace as a future QueenSpouse: Henry VII  (m. January 18, 1486)Children: Arthur, Prince of Wales (September 20, 1486–April 2, 1502); Margaret Tudor (November 28, 1489–October 18, 1541) who married King James IV of Scotland); Henry VIII, King of England (June 18, 1491–January 28, 1547); Elizabeth (July 2, 1492–September 14, 1495); Mary Tudor (March 18, 1496–June 25, 1533) married King Louis XII of France; Edmund, Duke of Somerset (February 21, 1499–June 19, 1500); and Katherine (February 2, 1503) Early Life Elizabeth of York, known alternatively as Elizabeth Plantagenet, was born on February 11, 1466, at Westminster Palace in London, England. She was the eldest of the nine children of Edward IV, king of England (ruled 1461–1483) and his wife Elizabeth Woodville (sometimes spelled Wydeville). Her parents marriage had created trouble, and her father was briefly deposed in 1470. By 1471, likely challengers to her fathers throne had been defeated and killed. Elizabeths early years were spent in comparative calm, despite the disagreements and battles going on around her. She likely began her formal education in the palace by age 5 or 6, and learned history and alchemy from her father and his library. She and her sisters were taught by ladies-in-waiting, and by observing Elizabeth Woodville in action, the skills and accomplishments considered appropriate for future queens. That included reading and writing in English, mathematics, and household management, as well as needlework, horsemanship, music, and dancing. She spoke some French, but not fluently. In 1469, at the age of 3, Elizabeth was betrothed to George Neville, but it was called off when his father supported Edward VIIs rival, the Earl of Warwick. In August 29, 1475, Elizabeth was 11 and, as part of the Treaty of Picquigny, she became betrothed to Louis XIs son, the Dauphin Charles, who at the time was 5 years old. Louis reneged on the treaty in 1482.   Death of Edward IV In 1483, with the sudden death of her father Edward IV, Elizabeth of York was at the center of the storm, as the eldest child of King Edward IV. Her younger brother was declared Edward V, but because he was 13, his fathers brother Richard Plantagenet was named regent protector. Before Edward V could be crowned, Richard imprisoned him and his younger brother Richard in the Tower of London. Richard Plantagenet took the English crown as Richard III, and had the marriage of Elizabeth of Yorks parents declared invalid, claiming Edward IV had been betrothed before the marriage had occurred. Though Elizabeth of York was by that declaration made illegitimate, Richard III was rumored to have had plans to marry her. Elizabeths mother, Elizabeth Woodville, and Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry Tudor, a Lancastrian claiming to be heir to the throne, planned another future for Elizabeth of York: marriage to Henry Tudor when he overthrew Richard III. The two princes, the only surviving male heirs of Edward IV, disappeared. Some have assumed that Elizabeth Woodville must have known, or at least guessed, that her sons, the Princes in the Tower, were already dead because she put her efforts into her daughters marriage to Henry Tudor. Henry Tudor Richard III was killed on the battlefield in 1485, and Henry Tudor (Henry VII) succeeded him, declared himself King of England by right of conquest. He delayed some months in marrying the Yorkist heiress, Elizabeth of York, until after his own coronation. They were married in January 1486, gave birth to their first child, Arthur, in September, and she was crowned Queen of England in November 25, 1487. Their marriage established the Tudor dynasty of the British crown. Her marriage to Henry VII brought together the House of Lancaster which Henry VII represented (though he grounded his claim to the crown of England in conquest, not birth), and the House of York, which Elizabeth represented. The symbolism of a Lancastrian king marrying a Yorkist queen brought together the red rose of Lancaster and the white rose of York, ending the Wars of the Roses. Henry adopted the Tudor Rose as his symbol, colored both red and white. Children Elizabeth of York apparently lived peacefully in her marriage. She and Henry had seven children, four surviving to adulthood- a fairly decent percentage for the time. Three of the four became kings or queens in their own right: Margaret Tudor (November 28, 1489–October 18, 1541) who married King James IV of Scotland); Henry VIII, King of England (June 18, 1491–January 28, 1547); Elizabeth (July 2, 1492–September 14, 1495); Mary Tudor (March 18, 1496–June 25, 1533) married King Louis XII of France; Edmund, Duke of Somerset (February 21, 1499–June 19, 1500); and Katherine (February 2, 1503). Their oldest son, Arthur, Prince of Wales (September 20, 1486–April 2, 1502) married Catherine of Aragon, a third cousin of both Henry VII and Elizabeth of York, in 1501. Catherine and Arthur became ill with sweating sickness soon after, and Arthur died in 1502. Death and Legacy Its been surmised that Elizabeth became pregnant again to try to have another male heir for the throne after Arthurs death, in case the surviving son, Henry died. Bearing heirs was, after all, one of the most crucial responsibilities of a queen consort, especially to the hopeful founder of a new dynasty, the Tudors. If so, it was a mistake. Elizabeth of York died in the Tower of London on February 11, 1503, at the age 37, of complications of the birth of her seventh child, a girl named Katherine, who died at birth on February 2. Only three of Elizabeths children survived at her death: Margaret, Henry, and Mary. Elizabeth of York is buried at the Henry VII Lady Chapel, Westminster Abbey. The relationship of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York is not well-documented, but there are several surviving documents which suggest a tender and loving relationship. Henry was said to have withdrawn in sorrow at her death; he never remarried, though it might have been advantageous diplomatically to do so; and he spent lavishly for her funeral, though he was usually quite tight with money. Fictional Representations Elizabeth of York is a character in Shakespeares Richard III. She has little to say there; she is merely a pawn to be married to either Richard III or Henry VII. Because she is the last Yorkist heir (assuming her brothers, the Princes in the Tower, have been killed), her childrens claim to the crown of England will be more secure. Elizabeth of York is also one of the major characters in the 2013 series  The White Queen  and is the key character in 2017 series The White Princess. Elizabeth of Yorks picture is the usual depiction of a queen in card decks. Sources License, Amy. Elizabeth of York: The Forgotten Tudor Queen. Gloucestershire, Amberley Publishing, 2013.Naylor Okerlund, Arlene. Elizabeth of York. New York: St. Martins Press, 2009.Weir, Alison. Elizabeth of York: A Tudor Queen and Her World. New York: Ballantine Books, 2013.

Analyse and discuss the extent to which sexual Essays

Analyse and discuss the extent to which sexual Essays Analyse and discuss the extent to which sexual Essay Analyse and discuss the extent to which sexual Essay There are a figure of psychological differences between work forces and adult females that have been documented in the literature. These include the fact that work forces perform better on norm than adult females on undertakings that require motor and spacial accomplishments, while adult females perform better on norm in undertakings that require lingual or verbal accomplishments. This essay will analyze a figure of countries in which differences have been found in the constructions and map of the encephalon, such that differences have been shown between the sexes. In the research on sexual distinction, of import differences have been found in the existent constructions of work forces s and adult females s encephalons. Swaab A ; Hofman ( 1995 ) , in reexamining the function of the hypothalamus in sexual orientation and gender, point out that there are some interesting possible relationships that are opening up in the research. The hypothalamus is thought to be of import in whether a individual feels male or female, their gender individuality, which sex they are attracted to, and it is implicated in sexual behavior. Swaab A ; Hofman ( 1995 ) depict a peculiar portion of the hypothalamus, the sexually dimorphous karyon of the preoptic country ( SDN-POA ) , that has been found to be significantly different in mammalian species. Experiments on rats have shown that the SDN-POA is frequently between three and eight times larger in the male than in the female. When a lesion is applied to rats in the SDN-POA, it changes their sexual behavior. A similar country of the hypothalamus that besides contains an SDN-POA has besides been found in worlds. In work forces it has been found that there are twice every bit many cells in the male hypothalamus than in the female hypothalamus. Other differences have besides been found in the hypothalamus of work forces and adult females in two other cell groups ( INAH2 and INAH3 ) . Swaab A ; Hofman ( 1995 ) explain that from analyzing the growing of these cell groups in worlds it seems that the differences in this country are non seen until after a individual is born, but before they become an grownup. This could be the consequence of the of import function that sex endocrines play either delayed effects from during gestation or as a consequence of coincident hormonal alterations at, for illustration pubescence. The differences discussed so far have concentrated on structural differences between the encephalons of work forces and adult females. These are non the lone differences. There have, nevertheless, been found to be of import differences in how male and female encephalons map. Gur, Mozley, Mozley, Resnick, Karp, Alavi, Arnold A ; Gur ( 1995 ) used antielectron emanation imaging to analyze the metabolic activity in the encephalons of 61 work forces and adult females. When the encephalons of work forces and adult females were compared, no differences were found in any of the non-limbic parts of the encephalon in the occipital, parietal, and frontal countries. There were, nevertheless, differences seen in the termporal-limbic parts: the basal ganglia, the cerebellum and the brain-stem. As parts of the encephalon have been associated with verbal abilities and emotional processing for illustration, Gur et Al. ( 1995 ) pull some probationary illations from the differences that they found. T hey argue that higher comparative metamorphosis in the temporal-limbic system, and, in bend, lower metamorphosis in the buttocks and in-between cingulate convolution could associate to the mean advantage that adult females have in the ability to understand emotions. Gur et Al. ( 1995 ) make indicate out that, overall, the activity in the encephalons of work forces and adult females are, in fact, more similar than they are different. This survey is instead limited in the decisions that can be drawn from it merely because the participants were non asked to transport out any maps and so the encephalon was in a resting province. This means that any peculiar difference in activity, for illustration in verbal map, will non be detected. Besides, the difference that were really found between the sexes are instead little, although statistically important, it is hard to come to any decisions about the sex differences in the human encephalon. Other research workers have examined how specific parts of the encephalon have reacted to different stimulations. Hamann, Herman, Nolan A ; Wallen ( 2004 ) , for illustration, looked at the consequence of ocular sexual stimulation on work forces and adult females, and peculiarly in the amygdaloid nucleus and the hypothalamus. Hamann et Al. ( 2004 ) study that research has shown that work forces by and large have a greater response to ocular sexual stimulations than adult females. Twenty-four immature grownups, half male and half female, participated in this survey which involved functional magnetic resonance imagings scanning while sing ocular stimulation. The ocular stimulations were split into four groups: two that were sexual and two non-sexual. The sexual stimulations were of twosomes engaged in sex and bare images of members of the opposite sex. The non-sexual stimulations were a control of a arrested development cross, and pictures affecting interaction between males and femal es with no sexual overtones. The consequences showed that it was in the hypothalamus and the amygdaloid nucleus that differences were seen between the sexes. In the analysis Hamann et Al. ( 2004 ) compared the consequences obtained when the participants looked at the arrested development cross with those obtained when the participants were looking at the twosome engaged in sexual activity. These were used because they were found to be the most extremely contrasting stimulations. Importantly, these findings of higher activation in work forces were besides found even when adult females reported higher rousing than work forces from the images. Again, when the research workers looked across wide countries of encephalon maps instead than the specific countries of the hypothalamus and the amygdaloid nucleus, they found there was small difference between work forces and adult females. This was in blunt contrast to the differences in degrees of activity already discussed in the specific countries. Hamann et Al. ( 2004 ) discourse the possible mechanisms by which these differences in activation can be explained. Either there could be a difference in the manner that work forces and adult females process these stimulations, or they could be a consequence of different degrees of rousing. In add-on, it could be a combination of these two factors. The former is known as the processing hypothesis and the latter is known as the arousal hypothesis. Hamann et Al. ( 2004 ) argue that their consequences back up the processing hypothesis because work forces still showed higher degrees of activation even when their existent rousing was nt every bit high as the adult females in this survey. The unfavorable judgment of this survey are based around the fact that it there are many physiological and psychological facets of rousing that are non decently understood and the differences seen in encephalon map could be a consequence of these instead than specific gender related processing differences. One illustration of an alternate hypothesis is that the differences observed are the consequence of the different experiences that work forces and adult females have sexually, instead than an unconditioned sexual distinction seen at the structural or functional degree. Still, these sort of consequences tend to back up the thought that there are of import differences in the manner that work forces and adult females really treat some information. These, so, are of import differences in the functional countries of the encephalon instead than merely in the construction. Other lines of research have looked at the neurobiology of eating. Del Parigi, Chen, Gautier, Salbe, Pratley, Ravussin, Reiman A ; Tataranni ( 2002 ) examined 22 work forces and 22 adult females utilizing positron emanation imaging to analyze the neuroanatomy of hungriness and of repletion. Participants were asked to fast for 36 hours before brain-imaging, and so their reaction to repletion was besides examined. The consequences showed, as in the old surveies, that there were many similarities between work forces and adult females. Del Parigi et Al. ( 2002 ) did, nevertheless, happen some important differences between work forces and adult females. They found that the neural activity in the temporal lobes of work forces as a consequence of the fasting was significantly higher than in adult females. In contrast, for the repletion status, in adult females, the neural activity in the occipital lobe was higher. As the occipital country of the encephalon is thought to be to a great exten t involved in ocular processing, the writers posit that the ocular facets of nutrient and feeding might be more of import in adult females. This is a contrasting determination to that discovered in Hamaan et Al. ( 2004 ) although, this is a different country of behavior. Apart from that, the writers found that countries of the encephalon that are more associated with emotional processing were more extremely activated in work forces as a consequence of hungriness. When the participants were later fed with a liquid repast, nevertheless, neocortical countries, those that are more associated with planning and the senses, were more extremely activated in adult females than in work forces. In contrast though to old findings, this survey did non happen any sex differences in the operation of the hypothalamus. The deficiency of these findings was attributed by the writers to jobs with their experimental method. Some farther unfavorable judgments of this survey are addressed by the writers. Beginnings of mistake are to be found in the imagination equipment and in the statistical analysis of the information. The survey does besides stretch some of its findings to suit the hypotheses about the differences between the encephalons of work forces and adult females. The writers discuss, for illustration, the male reaction to hunger being located in the posterior cingulate. Pulling on other research, Del Parigi et Al. ( 2002 ) argue that this country regulates the reaction to aversive stimulations. Hunger, as an aversive stimulation, might trip this country, but merely in work forces. Del Parigi et Al. ( 2002 ) argue that this might stand for an country in which a sex difference can be seen. The job with this thought is that it represents a figure of rational springs from the information they have really obtained in this experiment, and should non be taken as strong grounds. In malice of these restrictions and criticisms the survey does supply the footing for farther research in this country. A general unfavorable judgment of the sort of surveies discussed in this essay is that, while there is an association between differences in encephalon activation or construction, this does non intend that these differences are caused by biological factors or biological differences between work forces and adult females. They could be the consequence of societal factors that affect a individual over life-time and cause alterations in the manner that, on norm, their encephalons are structured and in the manner that they function. This is, possibly, easier to reason for functional factors, instead than structural factors, but nevertheless it is an of import counter-argument. In decision, the research reviewed here shows that there are definite discernible differences in both the construction and map of male and female human encephalons. These differences have been found in countries such as the hypothalamus. Sexual behavior, amongst other factors, have been implicated as the consequence of these differences. Apart from structural differences, there are besides of import differences in functional countries. Early research has shown some overall prejudices in metabolic map that may associate to some psychological sex differences, such as those found in linguistic communication and spacial abilities. More recent research has found differences in the manner that the amygdaloid nucleus and hypothalamus respond to ocular sexual stimulation in work forces and adult females. In add-on, farther research has found some limited connexions between fasting, repletion and little functional differences in the encephalon. Overall, these surveies show some sexual distinc tion between the encephalons of work forces and adult females, although the differences are normally elusive and easy outweighed by the similarities. It should be noted that much of this research is still at an early phase, as is much of the research into encephalon map, and so the consequences are needfully inconclusive.Mentions Del Parigi, A. , Chen, K. , Gautier, J. F. , Salbe, A. D. , Pratley, R. E. , Ravussin, E. , Reiman, E. M. , Tataranni, P. A. ( 2002 ) Gender differences in the human brain’s response to hungriness and repletion.American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75 ( 6 ) , 1007-1022. Gur, R. C. , Mozley, L. H. Mozley, P. D. Resnick, S. M. Karp, J. S. Alavi, A. , Arnold, S. E. Gur, R. E. ( 1995 ) Sexual activity differences in regional intellectual glucose metamorphosis during a resting province,Science, 267 ( 5197 ) , 528-31 Hamann, S. , Herman, R. A, Nolan, C. L. , Wallen, K. ( 2004 ) Work force and adult females differ in amygdala response to ocular sexual stimulation.Nature Neuroscience, 7 ( 4 ) , 411-6. Swaab, D. F. , Hofman, M. A. ( 1995 ) Sexual distinction of the human hypothalamus in relation to gender and sexual orientation,Tendencies in Neuroscience, 18, 264–270.

Difference Between Atomic Mass and Mass Number

Difference Between Atomic Mass and Mass Number There is a difference between the meanings of the chemistry terms  atomic mass and mass number. One is the average weight of an element and the other is the total number of nucleons in the atoms nucleus. Atomic mass is also known as atomic weight. Atomic mass is the weighted average mass of an atom of an element based on the relative natural abundance of that elements isotopes.The mass number is a count of the total number of protons and neutrons in an atoms nucleus. Key Takeaways: Atomic Mass Versus Mass Number The mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom. It is a whole number.The atomic mass is the average number of protons and neutrons for all natural isotopes of an element. It is a decimal number.Atomic mass value sometimes change over time in publications as scientists revise the natural isotope abundance of elements. Atomic Mass and Mass Number Example Hydrogen has three natural isotopes: 1H, 2H, and 3H. Each isotope has a different mass number. 1H has 1 proton. Its mass number is 1. 2H has 1 proton and 1 neutron. Its mass number is 2. 3H has 1 proton and 2 neutrons. Its mass number is 3. 99.98% of all hydrogen is 1H 0.018% of all hydrogen is 2H 0.002% of all hydrogen is 3H Together, they give a value of atomic mass of hydrogen equal to 1.0079 g/mol. Atomic Number and Mass Number Be careful you dont confuse atomic number and mass number. While the mass number is the sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom, the atomic number is only the number of protons. The atomic number is the value found associated with an element on the periodic table because it is the key to the elements identity. The only time the atomic number and mass number are the same is when you are dealing with the protium isotope of hydrogen, which consists of a single proton. When considering elements in general, remember the atomic number never changes, but because there may be multiple isotopes, the mass number may change.

Financial Statement Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Financial Statement Analysis - Essay Example The apperal industry is a generated $276 billion in sales in the year 2005 (Plunkett Research). Competition in this industry is fierce and the production of low end products is being cannibilized by the Asian markets which includes India, The People’s Republic of China and Pakistan among other nations. In order to apperal companies to suceed in develop nation they must use a branding strategy to differentiate their products. The two apperal companies analyzed in this report are Wolverine World Wide Inc. and The Timberland Company. Wolverine World Wide Inc (WWW) is company with a rich history dating back to the year 1883 when it was founded by G.A Krause. The company is dedicated to producing and selling branded footwear, apperal and accessories products. Some of the licenced brands the company owns include Bates, Cat Footwear, Harley-Davidson Footwear, Hush Puppies, Merrell, Pantagonia Footwear, Sebago, and Wolverine; a portfolio of product which help generate 47 million pairs of shoe sales in 2006 (Annual Report: Wolverine 2006). The company is a global player with a physical precense in over 180 countries worldwide. The company’s target market is North America which represents the majority of the company sales (43%). Emerging markets such as Europe were growth drivers in 2006, the European region had a 10% sales growth during that fiscal year. The company has expanded its product offerign to move beyond being a shoe manufacturer. The firm offerrs many apperal and accessories products, a strategy that takes advantage of the branded image recognition of lines such as Sebago which are known for their quality, great designs and durability. In 2006 Wolverine generated $1141.9 in revenues. Appendix A shows the 2006 Income Statement of Wolverine. The year’s total sales was a significant improvement over the results of the last few years. The 2006 sales total represent an 8% sales

CONTEMPORARY CASES IN PUBLIC POLICY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

CONTEMPORARY CASES IN PUBLIC POLICY - Essay Example One reason surrounding the democratic ability of basic income is, it would make available important prospects; to list but a few, the freedom not to acquire employment. Stakeholders tend to evade round the distinct implication, albeit I shall differ, it is vital to the democratizing possibility – provided the income can be pre-determined within most preferred level. Not even ideas of basic-income or capital funding utter anything regarding the level to be set. The level so proposed depends on the reasons behind this proposal. We shall assume that, for a basic-income to become significant for democratization, it ought to be adequate to make available what we call a humble but honest standard of living .This level is sufficient, as it allows individuals to have control over course of their lives. According to Ackerman et al. (2006, p 27), the disagreement among Ackerman, Alstott and Van Parijs in their essays is under the latter’s prevention on capitalization of basic-income into a units of payment. Van Parijs converges the differences between basic-income and capital grant, and explanation that disparity between them as collateral, for example; a mortgage on a house, and concentrate on prohibition against conversion of a basic income into a single lump sum. The question is whether this constitutes a significant limitation on individual freedom. As provided by Ackerman et al. (2006, p 16), Ackerman and Alstott argument is that, basic income is an obstacle to individual freedom. Young people find it hard to achieve their goal if they fail to choose to capitalize their basic-income at the same time as a capital grant. Ackerman and Alstott, consequently, see a basic- income as the constraint on change, they carve in to the Stakeholder Society, they are paying attention in opportunity and not outcome, and they present basic-income to mitigate failure, while as a stake is initiation path for success.† Nevertheless, this instigate

Managing Email Security in Organizations Research Proposal

Managing Email Security in Organizations - Research Proposal Example The information security system helps to protect the integrity, confidentiality availability and credibility of the information being received and sent via the internet (Sehun, 2008). Spywares: these are programs that monitor keystrokes and other activities being performed by the computer and send the information to others without the consent of the computer user. Spywares also play adverts on the computers and are privacy invasive software. Trojans: these programs steal information from the infected computer and send it to a third party by pretending to perform a given task. They also alter the computer and the information and other programmable devices. Malware: this is a generalized term, used to describe software that maliciously damage the computer and other programmable devices as well as spying and sending information to another person without the consent of the user. Viruses: these programs are able to replicate themselves. They integrate themselves to the existing programs and files. By doing this, they hinder the information from the user and also corrupt the information. The ISO/IEC 2700 series consist of a set of information standards which were formulated and published by International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and The International Organization for Standards (ISO). The following standards are commonly used; ISO/IEC 27000; which contains information about the family of standards and contains the terminologies used ISO/IEC 27001; it contains the standards for the establishment, implementation, improvement and control of information security management. The are based on British standards, BS 7799 part 2, they published ISO/IEC 27002 ISO/IEC 27005; these standards are designed to aid in the implementation of information security system. They are based on the risk management methods. ISO/IEC 27006: these acts as guides to the process of certification and registration. ISO/IEC 27011: they contain the guidelines for the security management of information for the telecommunication industry. ISO 27001 provides information about standards used for Email security systems (ISO 27001). This information is contained in the fourth chapter of the standardization report. Other standards are being prepared. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2005) Problem statement Network insecurity problem is experienced in most corporations and organizations and

Analysis a quantitavtive reserach articale to see whether it is a good Assignment

Analysis a quantitavtive reserach articale to see whether it is a good reserach and any problem - Assignment Example The analysis while be conducted as per the headings into which it is organized. While it is not stated expressly, one can deduce the research problem. One of the primary goals of the development stages of late adolescence through early adulthood is for the individual to become independent in thought and actions and to develop self-control. All this must happen while the young adult remains connected to their parents. Achievements in information and communication technologies (ICTs) have made it possible for college students to stay in with their parents, the distance notwithstanding. According to Barbara, however, very little is known of the frequency of the communication between young college students and their parents, its content and its impact on the development of the student. Hofer’s statement of the research problem falls short on many grounds. First, Hofer does not explain why they think their research problem is important(May & Meerwald, 2013). In other words, it is not clear how the knowledge obtained from the research will be put to use. Secondly, Hofer does not justify the urgency of their problem that is, why they think the problem calls for immediate research and action. Thirdly, the researcher has failed to explain how their research will help address the problem they have identified. Fourth, Hofer does not explain what aspects of the problem they intend to examine and the expected outcomes of such examination. Literature review serves two purposes in scientific research. First, it sets the stage for the research by giving background information on the research subject and topic. Secondly, it the foundation on which the research is based(Hagger & Chatzisarantis, 2011). By this is meant that the literature review informs the research problem, research questions, research objectives and the methodology employed in the research. In a bid to give their

Michael Jacksons Thriller Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Michael Jacksons Thriller - Case Study Example Eighty years later, we came up with all sorts f things that those early pioneers f the twenties could have ever dreamed. There are many different recording techniques and technologies in today's studio business. To fully understand the different techniques and technologies in the studio business, one would need to know exactly what a studio is and how the Thriller was recorded. Thriller's studio was a room acoustically tuned for the purpose f getting the best sound possible on tape while using a microphone pickup. In other words, the studio needed to be structurally isolated in order to keep outside sounds from entering the room and getting on tape. The studio was also designed to keep internal sounds form leaking out and disturbing the surrounding environment. There are many types f studios. They vary in size, shape, and acoustic design in accordance with the personal tastes f the owners. For example, Thriller's studio that was designed to record a great deal f rock music was small in size with highly absorbent walls. On the other hand, a recording studio designed for orchestral film scoring would be much larger by comparison, possibly with high ceilings. Some f the first studios back in th e fifties and sixties were relatively large in size. Recording studios have generally decreased in size over the last two decades. This is mainly due to the fact that in the fifties and sixties the musicians had to perform at the same time. Today, technology allows musicians to come in and record their own part; then, later that will be added to the final record. This process is called "overdubbing". Overdubbing is when one puts a part on tape at different times, different studios, or even in a different city. This process happens in a different part f the studio called the control room. In the recording f Thriller, the control room served two purposes in recording studio. The first was that the room was acoustically optimized to act as a critical listening environment. The second was that it housed the majority f studio equipment. A mixing board is a very common piece f equipment in the control room. The mixing board allows the engineer to mix together and control basically all the devices fond in the studio. A recording console is another piece f equipment one might find in the control room. The console's basic function is the large task f enabling any combinations f inputs, outputs, and effects to be made. In order f or one to fully understand the recording process that takes place in a recording studio, they need to be familiar with some terms and pieces f equipment that one would use in a studio. In Thriller's recording one piece f equipment which played a very important role was transducer. A transducer is any device which changes one kind f energy for another. A sensor f a CD player or playback leads f a tape recorder are both common examples f a transducer. Another device is an amplifier or anything that makes an electrical copy f an electrical signal. A machine that consists f the controls, or divided to allow control over a number f narrow frequency range is called an equalizer. Additional speaker aimed to allow talkers or performers to monitor or hear himself

Analysis a quantitavtive reserach articale to see whether it is a good Assignment

Analysis a quantitavtive reserach articale to see whether it is a good reserach and any problem - Assignment Example The analysis while be conducted as per the headings into which it is organized. While it is not stated expressly, one can deduce the research problem. One of the primary goals of the development stages of late adolescence through early adulthood is for the individual to become independent in thought and actions and to develop self-control. All this must happen while the young adult remains connected to their parents. Achievements in information and communication technologies (ICTs) have made it possible for college students to stay in with their parents, the distance notwithstanding. According to Barbara, however, very little is known of the frequency of the communication between young college students and their parents, its content and its impact on the development of the student. Hofer’s statement of the research problem falls short on many grounds. First, Hofer does not explain why they think their research problem is important(May & Meerwald, 2013). In other words, it is not clear how the knowledge obtained from the research will be put to use. Secondly, Hofer does not justify the urgency of their problem that is, why they think the problem calls for immediate research and action. Thirdly, the researcher has failed to explain how their research will help address the problem they have identified. Fourth, Hofer does not explain what aspects of the problem they intend to examine and the expected outcomes of such examination. Literature review serves two purposes in scientific research. First, it sets the stage for the research by giving background information on the research subject and topic. Secondly, it the foundation on which the research is based(Hagger & Chatzisarantis, 2011). By this is meant that the literature review informs the research problem, research questions, research objectives and the methodology employed in the research. In a bid to give their

Franciscan Values in Cardinal Stritch University Essay

Franciscan Values in Cardinal Stritch University - Essay Example Therefore, the Cardinal Stritch University offers a course in Franciscan values that are intended to better human beliefs and actions in the best interest of mankind. The fundamental purpose of delivering this knowledge is to make people love and respect one another. People sharing similar values become affiliated to one another and become united. The multicultural faculty and learners expand the horizons of the university beyond limits. The university offers indiscriminate and unbiased teaching to people belonging to all classes. The values emphasize upon maintaining the environmental health and safety. The Franciscan values discourage violence by resolving interpersonal clashes. Through this course, Cardinal Stritch University becomes home to disabled and socially excluded people where they can acquire similar lifestyle as others. People from all ethnic backgrounds are able to benefit from the course. The university intends to develop increased communication links and hence better understanding between teachers and students. The course aims at addressing issues related to sustainable development and ensuring environmental health and safety by developing and implementing such programs. The course is also intended to play a big role in eliminating inter-racial conflicts and spread love, peace, and harmony between people belonging to different races and cultures. Critiques may argue that learning manners in such a formal programme as that offered by the Cardinal Stritch University is a waste of time and may question the justification of such courses. However, a deep analysis of the course suggests that it is a comprehensive course of Franciscan values and has the potential to bring positive results for the society. The course on Franciscan values offered by the Cardinal Stritch University provides a comprehensive understanding of these values.

Advantages of Television Essay Example for Free

Advantages of Television Essay Nowadays, many people all over the world spend most of their free time watching television. No one can deny the fact that, there is a television in almost every home. It is one of the most common entertainments for people all over the world. However, since its arrival, television has brought to man, many advantages. First and foremost, television plays an important role in our daily activities. It keeps us informed of all current affairs in the world. Events through television are more vivid than those through books and magazines. This is because we can watch these events which are sometimes aired on live telecast. Apart from that, television helps us enrich our spiritual lives. Our knowledge is broadened in many ways. Through language teaching programs , we can learn the language we like, such as, English, French, German, Chinese, Japanese and Spanish. We can also brush up our skills through various programs in television. We can become skillful at doing jobs, baking cakes or arranging flowers through practical programs taught on television. It is also undeniable that, television is a source of recreation. Humorous stories and funny films bring us minutes of relaxation after a hard day’s work. For me, sitting comfortably in an armchair to watch an international football match on television is more interesting than having to queue for tickets at a crowded stadium. In a nutshell, television is indeed useful to us when we know how to use it. Nevertheless, be careful not to overindulge ourselves in it and use in a discerning manner.

Reflection On Ncmh Mandaluyong City

Reflection On Ncmh Mandaluyong City A visit to countrys prime mental health institution, the National Center for Mental Health (NCMH) in Mandaluyong City. Essentially, the visit was intended to make us, students become familiar with NCMH set up, the delivery of health services provided and the condition of the patients who are confined in groups. Background of NCMH NCMH was established through Public Works Act 3258. It was formally opened on December 17, 1928 and was originally called the INSULAR PSYCHOPATIC HOSPITAL. It was later called the National Mental Hospital. On November 12, 1986, it was renamed NATIONAL CENTER FOR MENTAL HEALTH (NCMH) through Memorandum Circular No. 48 issued by the Office of the President.  ¹ Today, NCMH has an authorized bed capacity of 4,200 and a daily average of around 3,000 in-patients. It has a total of 35 Pavilions and 52 Wards sprawling on a 46.7 hectare compound in Mauway, Mandaluyong City. The NCMH is a special training and research hospital mandated to render a comprehensive (preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative) range of quality mental health services nationwide. It also gives and creates venues for quality mental health education, training and research geared towards hospital and community mental health services nationwide. ¹ In 2001, the World Health Organization provided a new understanding of mental disorders that offers new hope to the mentally ill and their families in all countries and all societies. It entails a comprehensive review of the contributing factors of the current and future disorders. It concludes with recommendations that can be adapted by every country according to its needs and its resources. Due to lack of studies here in the Philippines with regards to Mental Health, it is difficult to update the current situation in the delivery of services in the mental institutions especially in the government mental health facilitates. During our visit in the National Center for Mental Health, we are able to gather some information in terms of delivery of services, the process of admitting the mentally-ill patients and on how they generate funds to suffice the needs and provide services inside the institution. Our country at present is in the early stage of developing a mental health system. ² Due to limited legislative authority and no mental health law has been established, the allotted budget for mental health is only 0.02% of its total health budget, the latter being 3% of its GDP this is below the World Health Organizations (WHO) recommendations for developing countries. Mental health policy, programs and legislation are necessary steps for significant and sustained action. These should be based on current knowledge and human rights considerations. Most countries need to increase their budgets for mental health programs from existing low levels.à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ During the early part of our visit, Dr. Jose Loveria (Head of Pavilion 10-Chronic Improved Patients) accommodated us to gather some facts about the National Center for Mental Health. In NCMH, given the limited budget that they have, there are services inside the institution helping the institution to gain profit to allot for services and to sustain the existing these income generating strategies. Some of them are soap making, different accessories such as wallets made from zippers etc. These materials are located at Pavilion 14 and being sold by the nursing students and interns. A small hospital within the hospital, the Infirmary is equipped with X-ray and an ultrasound facility which is Philhealth accredited with 100 beds and classified it as medical center. ¹ It caters not only the patients inside but also patients coming from other referrals outside NCMH. The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2007 published a report on its assessment on the mental health system in the Philippines. In partnership with the Department of Health (DoH), WHO gathered baseline information using the WHO Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS), for the purpose of enabling the country to develop mental health plans. WHO-AIMS findings reported that the NCMH has all 400 beds for forensic inpatients committed by court order.à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ´ During our visit, in Pavilion 14 which is intended for patient with court cases, the patients there were overcrowding due to lack of beds. There is a huge number of patients with court cases inside. According to Dr. Edison Galindez (only forensic psychiatrist in the country), they have several tasks to do due to lack of resident doctors trained in forensic psychiatry. They have this high number of patient per doctor ratio. Based on the WHO-AIMS report, there are 0.41 psychiatrists in the public sector per 100,000 population, and a ratio of 3.21 psychiatrists per 100,000 population working in mental health facilities based in urban areas. The distribution of human resources for mental health is likewise lopsided, favoring the urban centers or Metro Manila in particular. Still, in our country has an inadequate number of mental health staff providing care; this has slowed its progress in carrying out its de-institutionalization policy. We only have minimal data on refresher training for mental health staff, as well as data on the number of organizations, associations or nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) involved in mental health policies, legislation or advocacy. Having data in these areas would help service planning and resource allocation.  ³ Dr. Bernardo Conde noted in his article in the International Review of Psychiatry that the governments attempts to integrate mental health in general health services have failed. Large hospitals must cope with thousands of patients while community-based programs remained undeveloped. à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ´ Acute psychiatric wards in regional medical centers and provincial hospitals have never been set up. Government general hospitals have no acute psychiatric units because of lack of budget. The access to mental health facilities nationwide is therefore very much uneven across the country, especially as many of the facilities remain located in the National Capital Region.à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ´ Since the National Center for Mental Health and some private institutions with psychiatric wards are mostly located in NCR, in terms of mental health promotion, it is done primarily in these tertiary institutions and not reaching the grass-roots level according to Dr. Beverly Azucena (OIC, Chief Medical Staff-Hospital Service). There are also initiatives being done by the other sectors of the government in promoting mental health according to her. On the other hand, there are coordinating bodies that oversee public education and awareness campaigns on mental health and mental disorders. Sectors should be involved in improving the mental health of communities.à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ Government agencies, NGOs, professional associations, and private foundations have promoted public education and awareness campaigns, in their own capacity, in the last five years according to WHO-AIMS. In terms of research, according to World Health Report of WHO in 2001, more research into biological and psychosocial aspects of mental health is needed in order to increase the understanding of mental disorders and to develop more effective interventions. In NCMH, according to Dr. Azucena, there are on-going research studies in the institution, but it is focused more on the clinical aspect of mental health. Research in our country is focused on non-epidemiological clinical/questionnaires assessments of mental disorders and services research. The research consists of monographs, theses, and publications in non-indexed journals. There are mental health research publications in indexed journals (e.g., Philippine Journal of Psychiatry is indexed in the Western Pacific Regional Index Medicus).à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ´ Challenges encountered by the Mental Health Care Providers At present, we are in the stage of developing the status of mental health based on the recommendations of World Health Organization. The major resource in the Philippines is its highly literate population who also values education and professional development. Academic institutions and training centers have in the last 4 decades developed good programs to educate and develop the mental health human resources, specifically psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurses and allied mental health professionals.à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ It contributed a lot in terms of the understanding on the management of mental health disorders and in the development of mental health programs in our country. I am agree with what WHO-AIMS mentioned in their report that the challenge is on how to motivate these professionals to stay here in the country and sustain their involvement, especially in the community setting, because our country is continuing to lose this valuable and crucial resource to overseas empl oyment. Giving priority to this by the government nationally and locally would be a start of a new beginning in the development of mental health in our country.

The Outsider By Albert Camus V :: essays research papers

The Priest(Kafka vs Camus) The Outsider, written by Albert Camus, and The Trial, written by Franz Kafka, are two books that have been critically acclaimed since the time that they were published. There are critics that claim that The Outsider is a dull book, and is not even a read-worthy book. Other people claim that it shows us how society actually acts upon people who do not want to be like the rest of society. The Trial falls under the same kind of criticism; but both books, although written by different writers in a different à ©poque, fall under the same kind of genre: Imprisoned Lives. In both The Outsider and The Trial there are many people who influence the protagonists in a positive and in a negative way, but none of those characters are as important as the priest. The priest, being of the same profession in both books and trying to accomplish the same kind of tasks, have a totally different effect on the two protagonists. In The Outsider the priest changes the whole attitude that Meursault has to li fe, whereas in The Trial the priest tells Joseph K. how his life actually is. "Why do you refuse to see me?" This question was asked by the priest and was meant for Meursault. Normally, if a person is convicted to death, he will see a priest before the sentence is executed. Meursault did not do that. He profusely refused to see the priest and why should he? He "did not believe in god." Meursault did not care, as he did not care if his mother died, or if someone proposed marriage to him. This of course went totally against the rules and ethics of society, which cannot permit such kind of behaviour. But why does Camà ºs characterize Meursault like that? Why did he create such kind of an outsider to society? Camà ºs created such an outsider because he wanted to show people how life actually is. Society does not accept people who do not bend the truth a little and lie. Society wants to make life as easy as can be, making up lies so that everything can run smoothly because truth can hurt sometimes, and Camà ºs knows that. Camà ºs implements the priest not just as another character in the novel, but as a person who wants to tell Meursault how society expects him to behave. Meursault did not want to know how he has to act to make the society happy, as a matter of fact, the priest was "beginning to annoy" him.

Maya Angelou

‘Still I Rise' by Maya Angelou: the poem You may write me down in history With your bitter, twisted lies, You may trod me in the very dirt But still, like dust, I'll rise. Does my sassiness upset you? Why are you beset with gloom? ‘Cause I walk like I've got oil wells Pumping in my living room. Just like moons and like suns, With the certainty of tides, Just like hopes springing high, Still I'll rise. Did you want to see me broken? Bowed head and lowered eyes? Shoulders falling down like teardrops, Weakened by my soulful cries. Does my haughtiness offend you? Don't you take it awful hard ‘Cause I laugh like I've got gold mines Diggin' in my own back yard. You may shoot me with your words, You may cut me with your eyes, You may kill me with your hatefulness, But still, like air, I'll rise. Does my sexiness upset you? Does it come as a surprise That I dance like I've got diamonds At the meeting of my thighs? Out of the huts of history's shame I rise Up from a past that's rooted in pain I rise I'm a black ocean, leaping and wide, Welling and swelling I bear in the tide. Leaving behind nights of terror and fear I rise Into a daybreak that's wondrously clear I rise Bringing the gifts that my ancestors gave, I am the dream and the hope of the slave. I rise I rise I rise. GCSE English Blended Poetry  © Maya Angelou in whose name Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. has granted permission.  © The Sheffield College, 2006 Exploring the Poem We are now going to explore ‘Still I Rise' using the five aspects of poetry we looked at earlier. Situation Viewpoint Ideas or themes Language and style Mood or atmosphere After reading ‘Still I Rise' a couple of times, use the following questions to help explore your ideas about the poem. Situation What do you think Angelou might mean in the opening lines when she says that history tells lies about her? GCSE English Blended Poetry  © The Sheffield College, 2006 In the closing lines, who is Maya Angelou referring to as her ‘ancestors' and why is this important? Angelou repeats the words ‘I rise' throughout the poem. What does she mean by this? GCSE English Blended Poetry The Sheffield College, 2006 Identity is an important idea in the poem. What impression do you get of Maya Angelou in the second, third, fifth and seventh verses? What impression of herself does Maya Angelou definitely not want to convey in the fourth verse? What impression does Maya Angelou leave us with at the end of the poem? GCSE English Blended Poetry  © The Sheffield College, 2006 Viewp oint Who is ‘I' in this poem? Who is ‘you' in this poem? Ideas and Themes What themes do you see in the poem? GCSE English Blended Poetry  © The Sheffield College, 2006 Language and Style As you work through this section, you might want to refer to the Glossary, to read about some of the techniques discussed. Angelou uses a lot of natural imagery in the poem. List all the similes and metaphors which relate to nature that you can find in the poem. Imagery What points do you think Angelou is making in using this natural imagery? Comment on at least three images in detail. GCSE English Blended Poetry  © The Sheffield College, 2006 Alliteration and Assonance Find as many examples of alliteration and assonance in the poem as you can. What effects do you think Angelou is hoping to achieve by her use of these techniques? Rhythm and Rhyme Re-read the poem aloud or at least read it to yourself imagining how it would sound if you were reading it aloud. How do you think the rhythm and the rhyming of the poem affects your understanding of what Angelou is saying? Repetition What do you think Angelou is trying to achieve with the repetition in the poem? GCSE English Blended Poetry  © The Sheffield College, 2006 Mood and Atmosphere How would you describe the mood or atmosphere of the poem? Does the mood change throughout the poem? GCSE English Blended Poetry  © The Sheffield College, 2006 Maya Angelou ‘Still I Rise' by Maya Angelou: the poem You may write me down in history With your bitter, twisted lies, You may trod me in the very dirt But still, like dust, I'll rise. Does my sassiness upset you? Why are you beset with gloom? ‘Cause I walk like I've got oil wells Pumping in my living room. Just like moons and like suns, With the certainty of tides, Just like hopes springing high, Still I'll rise. Did you want to see me broken? Bowed head and lowered eyes? Shoulders falling down like teardrops, Weakened by my soulful cries. Does my haughtiness offend you? Don't you take it awful hard ‘Cause I laugh like I've got gold mines Diggin' in my own back yard. You may shoot me with your words, You may cut me with your eyes, You may kill me with your hatefulness, But still, like air, I'll rise. Does my sexiness upset you? Does it come as a surprise That I dance like I've got diamonds At the meeting of my thighs? Out of the huts of history's shame I rise Up from a past that's rooted in pain I rise I'm a black ocean, leaping and wide, Welling and swelling I bear in the tide. Leaving behind nights of terror and fear I rise Into a daybreak that's wondrously clear I rise Bringing the gifts that my ancestors gave, I am the dream and the hope of the slave. I rise I rise I rise. GCSE English Blended Poetry  © Maya Angelou in whose name Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. has granted permission.  © The Sheffield College, 2006 Exploring the Poem We are now going to explore ‘Still I Rise' using the five aspects of poetry we looked at earlier. Situation Viewpoint Ideas or themes Language and style Mood or atmosphere After reading ‘Still I Rise' a couple of times, use the following questions to help explore your ideas about the poem. Situation What do you think Angelou might mean in the opening lines when she says that history tells lies about her? GCSE English Blended Poetry  © The Sheffield College, 2006 In the closing lines, who is Maya Angelou referring to as her ‘ancestors' and why is this important? Angelou repeats the words ‘I rise' throughout the poem. What does she mean by this? GCSE English Blended Poetry The Sheffield College, 2006 Identity is an important idea in the poem. What impression do you get of Maya Angelou in the second, third, fifth and seventh verses? What impression of herself does Maya Angelou definitely not want to convey in the fourth verse? What impression does Maya Angelou leave us with at the end of the poem? GCSE English Blended Poetry  © The Sheffield College, 2006 Viewp oint Who is ‘I' in this poem? Who is ‘you' in this poem? Ideas and Themes What themes do you see in the poem? GCSE English Blended Poetry  © The Sheffield College, 2006 Language and Style As you work through this section, you might want to refer to the Glossary, to read about some of the techniques discussed. Angelou uses a lot of natural imagery in the poem. List all the similes and metaphors which relate to nature that you can find in the poem. Imagery What points do you think Angelou is making in using this natural imagery? Comment on at least three images in detail. GCSE English Blended Poetry  © The Sheffield College, 2006 Alliteration and Assonance Find as many examples of alliteration and assonance in the poem as you can. What effects do you think Angelou is hoping to achieve by her use of these techniques? Rhythm and Rhyme Re-read the poem aloud or at least read it to yourself imagining how it would sound if you were reading it aloud. How do you think the rhythm and the rhyming of the poem affects your understanding of what Angelou is saying? Repetition What do you think Angelou is trying to achieve with the repetition in the poem? GCSE English Blended Poetry  © The Sheffield College, 2006 Mood and Atmosphere How would you describe the mood or atmosphere of the poem? Does the mood change throughout the poem? GCSE English Blended Poetry  © The Sheffield College, 2006

A Hmong Child, Her Doctors and American Tragedy Essay

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   America is known for having a culturally diverse society. The Hmong Group is among the population of the said society. In the story entitled â€Å"The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down†, which was written by Anne Fadiman, the main character came from the said ethnic group. The Hmong ethnic tribe is known for their knowledge and practice of traditional and primitive medical processes in healing their sick members. Based upon their beliefs of spirits, they usually create their medical observations on the patients and later on apply the practices they know are needed for the patient’s recovery. The question is that â€Å"since their traditional practices have been proven effective for many members of their group for the past years of their history, does it guarantee that their ways of healing the patients that they treat are better than that of medical processes? Is there any possibility that the medical practices of the modern medicine be integrated with the cultural ways of the ethnic groups and still gain better results on the patient’s recovery later on? How effective could the said kind of medical processes be when it comes to actual application? These questions with regards to culture and its effect and influence towards medication would be the main topic of this paper and the subject of the discussions that would follow. About The Case   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The story, as written by Anne Fadiman involves a young child who is afflicted with a serious illness. The girl’s name is Lia, a preschooler who has been experiencing developmental delay since she was in her younger years. As she grew up, she developed more serious health problems such as major seizures every now and then accompanied by several series of severe convulsions and cerebral Anoxia. Because of the said situation, the young child was profoundly impaired and physically incapable of doing the normal things that a young child naturally does. She was not playful and she had fewer chances when she used to react on the situations that are happening around her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The parents of Lia, who were traditional Hmongs, believe in their cultural medication. Hence, whenever she passes out, or looses her consciousness, they claim that it is simply because she has ‘lost her soul’ and thus needs to  Ã‚   receive ritual practices to be able to regain her own self. For several times of having seizures, the ethnic elder of their tribe has tried reviving the young girl through ceremonial ministries and application of herbal medicines which were prayed over for her benefit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Upon knowing this, the medical experts who used to handle Lia’s case before she went home believed that the further developments of her illness towards becoming worse was caused by the neglect of her parents in giving her anti-convulsant medications. The said anti-convulsants are known to be strong and really affect the system of the child as it tries to ‘repair’ the damaged brain tissues of the child every time she looses her consciousness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Later on, the medical practitioners who were supposed to both evaluate and take charge of Lia’s health situation was moved to get the child from her parents and bring her to a medical center where they believed she could be more closely observed and cured as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, the medical processes used by the said practitioners were not as successful as they believed it would be. As for a fact, the terminality of the case of Lia even pushed to a worst condition until her parents were advised to take her back home, especially when they started to believe that her case could not be met anymore and that there is only a little time left before she dies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Upon coming home, the tribe or the ethnic group of Lia performed several rituals again which they strongly believed would help her recover. As a result [as the tribe members claim] is that the young girl did not die. However, she was brain dead. This means that although she still breaths, her brain does not function anymore making the other systems of her body useless as of the said moment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Knowing the situation behind Lia’s case, a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) Protocol shall be created regarding her case. Hence, by doing so, the author of this paper hopes to help in turning the situation around by answering the question â€Å"What could have been done that could have contributed better on the progress of the healing process of Lia?† The DSM Protocol   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The process of pre-medication and therapeutical approach towards the illness shall be applied on the DSM protocol that follows: Interview The interview shall be performed for the sake of creating a basis for the creation of the medical protocol that needs to be applied for cases such as that of Lia. The interview then would be addressed to several parties that are involved in the direct healing practice that needs to be applied for the patient. The said interview is subdivided into three major sections. Interview with the Parents of the Patient Since they are the ones who regularly attend to the patient and are also the ones who are directly affected by the illness of the child, it would be best to know how they are able to give the child’s needs amidst her health situation. It would also help if they would be asked on what kind of ‘home nurses’ they are to be able to meet the medical requirements of their child’s health status. The interview shall help the psychology experts to understand the environment of the child and thus identify what factors [may include emotional and social] affects the healing development of the patient. Interview with the Physician The Physician’s records as well as his own opinion towards the health situations of the patient are among the important sectors of this research. To be able to know the medical observations that they have done towards the patient’s situation, the development of the therapeutic process would be more practical and medically authorized. Interview with the Elders of the Ethnic Group An interview with the elders or the chief leaders of the ethnic group that the patient is joined with would help the person analyzing the situation to gain some knowledge about the basic cultural background of the patient and how the said traditional practices could be incorporated into the medical practice that would be applied to then patient afterwards. Tests The tests would involve oral, practical and medical tests: Oral tests This would be done with the patient [Lia]. This test would measure the development of the child with regards to the mental reasoning that she is able to use as she is asked some questions. [the author of this paper preempts that the patient is still at the first stage of her illness when she is still having slight seizures pertaining to the developing status of her illness. Practical tests This test involves both the parents and the child. They would be asked on how they are able to meet the challenges of the situation together. It should also include the ways by which they are able to treat their child during situations wherein their child experiences seizure and other health problems relayed to it. [It could be an inquiry on what they value better, the medical ways of healing their child or the traditional ways of dealing with the said health problem] Medical Tests The medical tests are almost the same as that of the interview with the physician attending to Lia’s case. Only this time, it would be based from the hard copy of the medical tests that have been made to identify the child’s sickness. Observation The observation on the patient would be based on both the written output of the interviews and tests that were done on the earlier part of the protocol, as well as with the actual observation of the situation of the patient during regular days. Life Records This mainly involves the observation and analysis of the life of the child as an infant and how she was taken care of by her parents. It would also be a measure on how the tribe tried to help in the child’s recovery through the application f traditional practices and cultural beliefs. This would allow the one working on the analysis to understand the possible sources of the aggravating health situation of the child. Assessment This process involves a more in depth observation of the situation. Assessment of the results that were collected would be incorporated within the healing [therapeutic] processes of medicating the patient. Clinical Inference After all the processes are done, it could be expected that the clinical application of the healing process could already be done.   The pre-trial and the actual application would help the patient, the relatives and the physicians involved in the case understand the importance of working together to be able to complete the healing process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With the application of the said protocol comprising of six major processes, it could be noticed that the author of this paper aims to integrate some of the cultural practices within the healing process not only to avoid ethical issues and cultural conflicts in the progress of the healing the patient but also to evaluate ways buy which some of the cultural practices of the said ethnic group could help in the process of healing. Hmong Cultural Sensitivities   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are three major ways by which the Hmongs treat their patients. Most often, they tend to base this from their own diagnosis of the situation. As for Lia’s case, they believed that every time she passes out or losses her consciousness, she looses her soul. Thus they have to apply the three major practices to be able to regain her back. The three practices are as follows: Herbal Medicine application (A leaf that has been prayed over is applied on Lia’s body to regain her strength) Ceremonial Ministrations of a traditional practitioner (involves the prayers ad some group rituals that the ethnic tribe does to call the spirit of Lia back to her body) Sacrificing of Animals (Most often that not, this rituals are focused towards the gods of the tribes as a way by which they ask for the guidance of their gods for assistance in healing the sick member of the group) With the three major traditional ways that the Hmongs use, it could be noticed that the most important factor there is that has strong possibilities of being incorporated in a medical process is the use of herbal medicine. The reason behind this shall be tackled in the paragraphs to follow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ON HERBAL MEDICATION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although man’s use of synthetic drugs is a modern medical development, plant extracts have been used as cures for common ills for thousands of years. Early Assyrian records describe the use of the common anemone to alleviate pain. And Egyptian medical papyri from the time of the Pharaohs reveal a widespread use of medicinal plants. (Duke, 54) The World Health Organization has recorded the use of about 20,000 medicinal plants worldwide. In Britain alone an estimated 6,000 to 7,000 tons of herbs are used annually as ingredients in some 5,500 different herbal products, and in the United States, it has been reckoned that over half of all doctors’ prescriptions are for medicines derived from plants. With as many as 250,000 known species of plants in the world, each possessing a potentially unique chemistry, scientists constantly look for clues to find useful medicines (Mowrey, 87). One of the obvious ways is to study how people treat ailments using plants growing in their locality. The discovery of cocaine started with the observation that chewing coca leaves deadened hunger pangs and eased fatigue. By isolating and modifying the structure of the cocaine molecule, chemists produced a synthetic derivative for use as a local anesthetic. Much valuable information on the use of plants is still filed away in botanical collections. Scientists who spent over four years examining 2.5 million specimens in the Gray Herbarium and Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University were able to pinpoint more than 5,000 plant species previously overlooked as potential sources of medicines. (Duke, 54) Another line of inquiry compares the chemical contents of plants. If one species contains useful compounds, related species may also be valuable. When work on a north Australian tree, the Moreton Bay chestnut, isolated castanospermine, a poison displaying antiviral activity, botanists searching for related trees suggested looking at the South American Alexa. (Chevallier, 63) It could be noted that the use of herbal medicines could out do some of the effects of the strong anti convulsant medicines that Lia received from her physicians. Hence, through the incorporation of herbal medication in the healing process it could be expected that the process would yield better results. New Culturally Sensitive Protocol   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In any healing process, it should be realized that the involvement of the family, the relatives as well as the society that roams around the patient is a very important factor of the restoration process for the patient being treated Hence, in this section, a more culturally sensitive protocol shall be created: Creation of a Physician-Parent relationship This would help the physician and the parents of the patient work together through the incorporation of the cultural practices of the family in the medical process. The physicians must study if the herbal medicines would do no harm in reaction to the existing medical processes applied towards the patient. In a way, this could take time, but carefully considering things with regards the issues involved in the medication could even shorten the period of healing that is required for the patient. Integration of the Processes Close enough to the first stage; this involves more of the cultural or ethnic chieftains of the group where the patient belongs to. Their realization of the fact that some of their rituals may not be that applicable on the situation of the patient and thus would not be incorporated into the system, would help them cooperate with the healing process provided by the medical experts. Evaluation of the Strengths and Weaknesses of the New Protocol   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As clearly seen, the process involves in depth study which may require time and stress on the physicians since they are at some point controlled with the way they are supposed to deal with the situation. However, thru realization of the fact that emotional and social acceptance is important for the patient’s recovery would enable them to meet with the said challenge to their profession.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, if carefully applied, this process could help both parties [medicine and culture] see the importance of each sectors of medication and thus create better ways of healing the patients based form then practices that both social sectors accept. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this analysis, it could be noted that at some point, giving importance to the cultural background as well as the cultural practices of an ethnic group with regards to medicine could help in the development of medical practices that are used towards patients today. It is seen that by doing so, the integration of two worlds to result to better medical development could be considered as a way by which medicine could further progress its practices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After all, the ancient times when people lived longer lives and dealt with less complicated diseases, people appreciated herbal and other traditional ways of medication even before modern medicine was discovered. Going back to the original cure would sure not be a hindrance to further medical progress in the future. BIBLIOGRAPHY Anne Fadiman. (1998). The spirit catches you and you fall down. http://www.spiritcatchesyou.com/bookexcerpt.htm. (December 15, 2006). Growth House Incorporated. (1999). A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures. http://www.growthhouse.org/books/fadiman.htm. (December 15, 2006). Books: Andrew Chevallier. (2000). Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine: The Definitive Home Reference Guide to 550 Key Herbs with all their Uses as Remedies for Common Ailments. DK ADULT; Revised edition. James A. Duke. (1998). The Green Pharmacy: The Ultimate Compendium Of Natural Remedies From The World’s Foremost Authority On Healing Herbs. St. Martin’s Paperbacks. Daniel Mowrey. (1986). Scientific Validation of Herbal Medicine. McGraw-Hill; 1 edition.