Ar Rahman Awards

Rahman was the 1995 recipient of the Mauritius National Award and the Malaysian Award for contributions to music. [90] He was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for his first West-End production. A four-time National Film Award winner and recipient of six Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, fifteen Filmfare Awards and thirteen Filmfare Awards South for his music and scores. [1] He has been conferred Kalaimamani from the Government of Tamil Nadu for excellence in the field of music, special music achievement awards from the Government of Uttar Pradesh and Government of Madhya Pradesh and thePadma Shri from the Government of India. 91] In 2006, he received an honorary award from Stanford University for contributions to global music. [92] In 2007, Rahman was entered into the Limca Book of Records as â€Å"Indian of the Year for Contribution to Popular Music†. [93] He is the 2008 Lifetime Achievement Award recipient from the Rotary Club of Madras. [94] In 2009, for his score of Slum dog Millionaire, Rahman won the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award, the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score,[95] the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music, and two Academy Awards for Best Original Music Score and Best Original Song at the 81st Academy Awards.Rahman has received honorary doctorates from Middlesex University and Aligarh Muslim University. [96][97] Later the year Rahman was conferred the honorary doctorate from Anna University in Chennai. [98] He has also won two Grammy Awards, for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album and Best Song Written for a Visual Media. [99] Rahman was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian honor, in 2010. 100] Rahman's work for the film 127 Hours garnered him Golden Globe, BAFTA, and two Academy Award nominations for Best Original Music Score and Best Original Song in 2011. [101][102][103] He is an Honorary Fellow of the Trinity College of Music, presented to him by Trinity College London. [104] On 7 May 2012, he was confe rred Honorary Doctorate from the Miami University, Ohio. During the acceptance speech, he mentioned that he received a Christmas card from the US President's family and an invitation for the dinner at White House. [105]

Race: Social Construct

Race as a Social Construct â€Å"Race dominates our personal lives† (192 Lopez). Race is constantly a part of people’s lives and throughout the film Rabbit Proof Fence directed by Phillip Noyce and the Critical Race Theory written by Ian Lopez, we are able to see in what ways it affects people. The film depicts a group of three half caste Aborigine girls, who are taken from their family by a white man, Mr. Neville. The girls are taken to be trained as servants and also so they can assimilate to the â€Å"White† culture.The article explains how race can be mistaken to be a biological difference, but how it actually is a social construct created by society. Throughout their works, Lopez and Noyce portray that race is not determined by biological factors, but rather by society creating social constructs. The Aborigine’s uneasiness towards whites because of how the whites treat and degrade them for their physical attributes exemplifies how race is a social con struct. In the movie, the half caste kids were nervous of being taken and never being able to see their mothers again.The half castes were taken to their new â€Å"home† where they were â€Å"[checked] for skin color and the fairer ones who are cleverer† to see who can be freed to leave and get a good education (Noyce). The whites were the ones who were free and had many more opportunities than the Aborigines did because of the color of their skin; hence, â€Å"Their race in the end determined whether they were free or enslaved† (192 Lopez). Their freedom was controlled by the whites, who caused them and their family’s pain because the whites thought their race was superior.In Rabbit Proof Fence, the whites separate themselves and the Aborigines because of their skin color and make the mistake of determining race by biological differences. Although Molly’s wit is able to fool Mr. Neville, Moodoo knows where the girls are, proving that race is creat ed by society and not by genes. There are times when Moodoo senses the girls nearby, but seems to ignore it. When he is with the white man looking for the girls he says â€Å"she’s pretty clever that girl, she wants to go home† (Noyce) because he wants to pretend he does not know where they are.He understands that it is unfair for these helpless people to be taken from their families out of force because he can relate since his daughter was taken as well. In the Critical Race Theory article, Lopez talks about how â€Å"Black and White are social groups, not genetically distinct branches of humankind† (193 Lopez). To Mr. Neville, whites are thought to be superior because of how they look compared to the Aborigines; therefore, the fairer ones are more intelligent and clever. Molly and Moodoo prove Mr.Neville wrong when they outsmart him, which verifies that race is a social construct. Race can be thought of â€Å"as a vast group of people loosely bound together b y historically contingent, socially significant elements† (193 Lopez) from their ancestry. Society has categorized people based on many different characteristics ranging from â€Å"hair, complexion, and facial features† (192 Lopez). We see this categorization in the movie when the whites put the half caste Aborigines in a special camp away from their families because of their skin color.The Critical Race Theory explains to us that race is a social construct created by society and Rabbit Proof Fence provides us with examples from the article. Race is constantly mistaken to be people with different physical attributes, when in reality a person’s biology should not and does not determine which race he or she belongs to. Race is a social construct. Works Cited Delgado, Richard. Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1995. Rabbit-proof Fence. Dir. Phillip Noyce. Perf. Everlyn Sampi, Tianna Sansbury, Laura Monaghan, and Kenneth Charles Branagh . Miramax Films, 2002. DVD.

Is Inequality Necessary?

Miller, inequality is necessary because it is a great thing. These two believe that with inequality, private property will emerge and when it does people will be creating assets for themselves. When the people are able to create assets, they have a motive to work harder to earn what they deserve. Being more efficient on a daily basis can help a person become more active and helps them accomplishes more. A person can save the resources that they have and convert It Into assets of their own, thus creating their own wealth.Ferguson and Millard says that because of personal incentives, a person will not stop working after they have completed their Job and received the needed amount. Instead, they will continue on to work even more to gain more In order move up the ladder In society. As social progress, It aids In the development of collocation which Is the ultimate goal. I believe that Inequality Is necessary, because of how unfair things are, If a person Is willing to work harder than a nother, they should have more assets for themselves.Adam Ferguson and John Miller see inequality as something that is necessary for the development of civilization. One must work hard to achieve goals and build up more assets for themselves. Free-rider program on the other hand is similar to a free-lancer. A person, who refuses to participate in the work need to push forward, is in a way opposite to what Ferguson and Miller said about inequality. There are lazy people out there who would rather have someone else do the work for them.A group working on a project can only hope that the other members on their team will be able o do their own part. With inequality in the air, a person can only predict that the free rider program will follow. A person's asset will only grow as big as they are pushing it to be, but without hard work and by doing mediocre Job, an individual might not get too far. Mankind is always moving forward and the free rider program will only fall behind. Each person is expected to carry their own share of work during a group activity and they should have the responsibility to build themselves up.

Marketing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Marketing - Coursework Example The spine board looks excellent and is marked as a ruler, the design that stands out as the most unique feature of the magazine (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel, 2007). Research should have been done to determine the likes and dislikes of the consumers. Maybe they had a great idea, but assessing the market ensures that improvements are made to the product to be published to the audience. This ensures that quality products are availed to the consumers. Little research had to affect the magazine because they did not have the strong basics of how the consumers would react to the publication (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel, 2007). Readymade magazine relies on opinion leaders to determine market trends. Relationship marketing is evidently a vital business marketing strategy considering that clients have become more demanding, competition becoming ever more severe. Opinion leaders will help Readymade magazine to build long term relationships with customers so as to build a competitive advantage over the potential competitors (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel,

The Catholic Church Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Catholic Church - Article Example Catholics become a full fledged member of the People of God, Christ's mystical body, the Church that Jesus Christ built on the Rock, Peter (Mt. 16: 16), and on his successors, the Bishops of Rome. For this purpose of His incarnation Jesus taught man His gospel, suffered and died on the cross and then arose from the dead. He instituted the sacraments and established one true church, a society made of the baptized. It is one, holy, catholic and apostolic, indefectible and infallible. Its rulers are the Bishops, successors of the apostles, under the successor of Peter, the Bishop of Rome. The Catholic Church also fosters the ways that God provides fervenient graces which helps Catholics to continue to strengthen their faith. The channels of God's grace are principally the seven sacraments, which are sensible signs (words and acts) that signify ad confer grace, and are administered by the Church. Baptism makes us Catholics and remits the original sin inherited from our first parents, and the personal sins we may have at the time. Confirmation gives us the grace of the Holy Spirit to make us strong in the faith we received in Baptism.

None Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

None - Essay Example While these technologies bring many advantages to us, they also create responsibilities and opportunities of misuse. Therefore a code of ethics which guide IT related professionals becomes necessary to maintain a level of professionalism which does not interfere with the actual performance of duties. In this regard, the code of ethics given by AITP (2007) is quite beautiful since it is one of the more concise codes of ethics that I have seen and it manages to cover nearly all aspects of ethics which an IT professional may have issues with. The compact nature and the concise approach taken by the code of ethics is the primary strength of the document since it is little more than one page in length yet it covers areas such as obligation to the employer, the country, society and to the profession it self. However, the brevity of the code certainly brings about its own weakness since the code is not as detailed as the ANA nursing code of ethics of other ethical codes which have chapters upon chapters and articles within articles. The AITP (2007) code of ethics guides the professional conduct of individuals by having the individual acknowledge that s/he has a set of responsibilities towards various stakeholders and these responsibilities need to be discharged with diligence and with a sense of duty. The code of ethics does not tell the professional what to do in situations where ethics can be brought into question yet it does guide the professional towards seeking sources of information such as the code of ethics used by the employer with whom the professional is employed at the moment. Such a code of ethics can be applied very simply in professional life since it shows me that as a networking professional I will be responsible to uphold quite a few trusts that will be placed within me as a professional. These include the trust of my employers, my fellow colleagues, my

Company's economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Company's economics - Essay Example ntory 60000 Purchases 200000 Advertising Expenses 20000 Rent 7200 Telephone 1200 Utilities 4800 Payroll 112000 Loan-1 (336x12) 4032 Bal C/d 1392 Loan-2 (8000+4160) 12160 Common Stock A/C Interest A/C Bal c/d 60000 Cash 60000 Cash 4160 Profit/Loss A/c 4160 Loan A/C Pickup Truck A/c Cash 4032 Cash 32000 Cash 2000 Cash 8000 Pickup Truck 10000 Loan 10000 Bal c/d 12000 Bal C/d 29968 Display Equipment A/C Debtors A/C Cash 6000 Bal C/d 6000 Sales 60000 Balc/d 60000 Rototiller A/c Rent A/C Cash 400 Bal c/d 400 Cash 7200 Profit/Loss A/c 7200 Cash Register A/C Telephone Expense A/C Cash 3600 Cash 1200 Profit/Loss A/C 1200 Inventory A/C Utilities A/C Cash 60000 Cost of Sales 240000 Cash 4800 Profit/Loss A/C 4800 Cash 200000 Bal c/d 20000 Payroll A/C Sales A/C Cash 112400 Profit/Loss A/C 112400 Cash 340000 Profit/Loss A/c 400000 Debtors 60000 Advertising Expense Cash 20000 Profit/Loss A/C 20000 THE GARDEN PLACE INCOME STATEMENT FOR THE YEAR ENDED MARCH 31 2007 $ $ Sales 400,000 Less: Cost of Goo ds Sold Opening stock 60000 Purchases +200000 Stock available for sale 260000 Less: closing stock (20000) Cost of goods sold (240000) Gross profit 160000 Less: Expenses Interest expense 4160 Advertising expense 20000 Rent 7200 Telephone 1200 Utilities 4800 Payroll 112000 (149360) Net Income 10640 Balance Sheet VERTICAL ANALYSIS COMPANY A BALANCE SHEET 2011 2010 Assets $ % $ % Current Assets Cash 4274 1.58% 1270 1% Trade Accounts Receivables 56504 20.95% 41174 22% Inventories 184113 68.26% 132196 70% Deferred tax payment 3384 1.25% 2611 1% Other current assets 11053 4.10% 8795 5% Total current assets 259328 96.14% 186046 98% Advance to supplier, net of imputed interest 4479 1.66% 0 0% Preferential supply agreement 521 0.19% 0 0% Long term financing cost, net of amortization 1360 0.50% 0 0% Property and equipment, net 4060 1.51% 4078 2% Total assets 269728 100.00% 190124 100% Liabilities and shareholders’ equity Current liabilities Notes payable 154424 57.25% 100447 53% Current maturities 160 0.06% 15131 8% Trade accounts payable 50054 18.56% 31482 17% Income tax payable 4060 1.51% 6143 3% Accrued expense and derivative liabilities 4089 1.52% 10537 6% Dividends payable 231 0.09% 0 0% Total current liabilities 213018 78.98% 148760 78% Mortgage payable 1461 1621 1% Subordinated convertible debt net of unamortized discount 9501 0.54% 0 0% Derivative liability for embedded conversion option 1934 3.52% 0 0% Deferred tax payable 212 0.72% 0 0% Stakeholders Equity Common stock$0.1 par value, 20000000 shares authorized and 11749651 issued Dec31 2011 and 2010 117 0.04% 117 0% Additional paid in capital 11937 4.43% 11937 6% Retained Earnings 35271 13.08% 31235 Accumulated other comprehensive loss (214) -0.08% (96) 0% Treasury stock 2511245 and 2490745 shares at Dec31 2011 and 2010 (3509) -1.30% (3450) -2% Total shareholders’ equity 43602 16.17% 39743 21% Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity 269728 100.00% 190124 100% COMPANY A INCOME STATEMENT V ERTICAL ANALYSIS $ % $ % Net Sales 514633 100.00% 465013 100.00% Cost of goods sold 490102 95.23% 434785 93.50% Gross Profit 24531 4.77% 30228 6.50% Selling, general and administrative expense 13336 2.59% 12031 2.59% Operating income before impairment recovery 11195 2.18% 18197 3.91% Impairment recovery 0 0.00% 346 0.07% Operating income 11195 2.18% 18543 3.99% Other income/expense Change in

Lessons 13-16 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lessons 13-16 - Essay Example The winds should also be a light wind with an approximate of under 15 knots. Additionally, the water needs to be of lower temperatures, which are some of the ideal conditions for surfing. The 9.0 Japan earthquake of March 11, 2011 was indeed a surprise to many. Scientists, despite having predicted the earthquakes occurrence, never expected its large size. Additionally, the earthquake resulted in the death of approximately 18,000 people, even though warnings were issued especially in people’s cell phones. The earthquake also shifted the earth from its normal axis of rotation through the redistribution of mass. Question 2: Looking at the Ring of Fire, name 8 other countries, besides Japan, that are familiar with frequent earthquakes. Tell me about 1 of them that made headlines in the news within the past year. In the ring of fire, other countries familiar with frequent earthquakes besides Japan include Canada, United States, Costa Rica, Mexico, Bolivia, Chile, Guatemala, and Russia. One of the nations that has made headlines in the past year is Costa Rica, in which a powerful earthquake of a magnitude of up to7.6 shook the nation and a wide swath of Central America early in the morning in mid-2013, making substantive news headlines. Pacific Ring of Fire refers to an area with frequent occurrences of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, contributed to by tectonic shifts in the earth’s plates. Because of such factors, the pacific ring of fire experiences an increased number of tsunamis considering the frequent movement of the earth’s plates. There exist three major types of tides, semidiurnal tides, mixed tides, and diurnal tides. Semidiurnal tides involve the existence of two high tides of equal heights and two low tides of equal heights. Mixed tides on the other side have two periods of high water and two periods of low water each day; however, the tidal heights are not equal.

Deca Commissary - Providing Customer Confidence Research Paper

Deca Commissary - Providing Customer Confidence - Research Paper Example In this case, the commissaries ensure that the personnel and their families obtained goods at prices that saved them approximately 30percent the cost that civilians bought similar products (Skirbunt & Robinson, 2008). While the practice started long before organizations realized the important role of integrating customer’s needs in an organization, DeCA realizes the importance of integrating modern era practices that will ensure that the commissaries created customer confidence. First, it is important to point out that the core competency of commissary benefits were customers’ savings, which is also the main reason for its existence (Skirbunt & Robinson, 2008). In effect, DeCA works towards ensuring that the upholding and maintenance of these key competencies of the commissaries. In line with this, DeCA has integrated technology in its facilities to ensure that products offering were the same throughout their facilities. In addition, technology ensures that all facilities had enough stock and the replenishment of stock was timely since technology ensured that the supply of products was always constant with the facilities always stocked. It is evident that one way of ensuring customer satisfaction was ensuring a constant supply of goods and services. In effect, an organization that ensures customer satisfaction enhances the level of confidence amongst its customers. Therefore, ensuring constant supply of products in all is commissaries ensured that De CA created customer satisfaction, which led to establishing customers’ confidence in all its facilities. In the modern world, the safety of products is a key factor that determines the development of customers’ confidence in an organization. In line with this, Skirbunt and Robinson (2008) noted, â€Å"Food familiarity and safety were also key to success with commissary customers able to shop with

Is Abortion Moral Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Is Abortion Moral - Essay Example My personal opinion on the matter of abortion was formed under my parents’ influence; they have always taught me that a life of human being is the highest priority; and if an embryo exists, then this is the way it should be, because children come to this world for some reasons. As for the facts, I have always been convinced that an embryo in a woman’s body, even if it is not a human being in the early stages of pregnancy, is a potency of a human. We cannot know when human soul starts inhabiting human body, so making a pro-choice means taking responsibility for a life, which is the hardest responsibility ever. That is why I believe that abortion is immoral, because anyway it deals with a kind of murder of a human being or its potency. Moreover, my current opinion against abortion is based on mere consideration of the fact that I wouldn’t have existed if my mother had had an abortion. Thinking about this is the most decisive argument for me in consideration of this issue. The very first argument on the matter of why abortion is moral concerns the fact that human fetus is a part of a woman’s body, which means that it is up to the woman to decide in which way she wants to dispose her own body and its parts. According to a philosophical consideration of the issue conducted by Francis Wade in his article, as long as an embryo belongs to a female body, it is considered to be its part, as potentiality of human being doesn’t actually mean a complete human being.

Into the Woods with Nathanial Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown Essay

Into the Woods with Nathanial Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown - Essay Example The name Faith fits the personality of Goodman Brown’s wife. With the perfection of her character, Faith symbolizes the inner strength of Goodman Brown, his devotion and loyalty. When Brown finally grasped the reality that he has lost his Faith he lays down his value system and accepts the nature that steers individuals to wickedness. Without his wife Faith, he witnesses the threatening backwoods surrounding him with its dreadful hums and noises. However, as the storyteller emphasizes, â€Å"he was himself the chief horror of the scene, and shrank not from its other horrors† (Hawthorne 1992, 30). Without Faith, he himself is the malevolence he has been attempting to oppose, and he grips the power, although fleetingly, and grants it control over his consciousness. Once in the woods, Brown witnessed all the wicked things that a devoted Puritan should not be witnessing, like the evil transformation of the supposedly ‘good’ people in their community such as Goo dy Cloyse, Deacon Gookin, and even his wife Faith. Brown, in my opinion, takes such a night’s journey to test his Faith, Belief, and Conviction.

Beer Wars Essay Example for Free

Beer Wars Essay Beer Wars is a documentary film directed and produced by Anat Baron and released in April of 2009. It focuses on the struggle between the dominating corporate businesses of Anheuser-Busch, Miller Brewing Company, Coors Brewing Company, and the smaller independent businesses of â€Å"craft beers† such as Dogfish Head Brewery, The Boston Beer Company, and The New Belgium Brewing Company. The film covers many aspects of the beer â€Å"wars† between the companies such as competitive advertising, product quality, price, distribution, and government regulations. Because of the enormous status and power of the big three, the ability to advertise and market their wares is significantly easier than for most other breweries. From being able to hire top dollar marketing experts to running multimillion dollar commercials during the Super Bowl, they dominate the beer advertising market. With their lack of ability to buy â€Å"shelf space†, smaller companies are often pushed out of the way and driven to less marketable places in the aisles of stores nationwide. Rhonda Kallman, owner of The New Century Brewing company, known for its craft beer â€Å"Moonshot†, talked about how she often would put up a poster advertising her beer one day only to find it replaced by a competitor’s poster the next day. This is a glimpse at the competitiveness that small breweries face day to day. Today, The New Century Brewing company is currently shut down due to the FDA’s banning of caffeinated beers; Moonshot fell victim to this regulatory axe. This is what happens when the bread and butter of your company can no longer be produced. The fall of Kallman’s company, however, is just another tragic story in the long history of beer manufactures. By the late 70‘s and early 80‘s, many people turned towards homebrewing to meet their taste needs because of the bland taste of the larger breweries products. Charlie Papazian was one of those people. A nuclear engineer at the University of Virginia, he started experimenting with homebrewing soon after it was legalized in 1978. His main focus was quality and diversity when out of his house he started the American Homebrewers Association; now a nationwide association of over 36,000 members with it’s own magazine. While giving a tour of his prized collection he made sure to point out that what he cared about most was â€Å"Quality. Not necessarily quantity, but quality. † Papazian was not the only one who desired quality over quantity. Samuel Calagione was yet another man focused on quality. In 1995 he founded the company Dogfish Head Brewery naming it after Dogfish Head, Maine where he spent summers as a child growing up. Starting out as a fledgling company in Delaware, and growing by nearly 400% between 2003 and 2006, it now is one of the most successful craft breweries in the U. S. A. The film went into great detail on the various struggles that small breweries went through. From the competitive advertising to the rules and regulations of the trade, small breweries are faced with many challenges day to day. After the Prohibition in the 1930’s, a three-tier system was set up by many states in order to control the flow of alcohol from producer to consumer. However, this proved to be often times a problem for fledgling companies with little buying power. In order to get their beers out there and known, they must go through a wholesaler distributer first. The problem though is that often times the wholesalers favor the Big Three or other large companies because of their buying power. When it came down to having to choose whether to ship a Coors Light or a Moonshot, often times the well known brand would be chosen not only for it’s popularity but also because of the pay that the larger companies could give for their favor over others. Kallman learned that shelf space is yet another difficulty faced by the craft beer companies. If you’re most seen, you’re most bought and the Big Three knew this. Another difficulty faced is the temptation to sell out to the big companies. Over the years, Anheuser-Busch, Miller, and Coors all have been buying up the little companies as soon as they showed promise; all in order to try to get a bigger piece of the pie that is market share. If they couldn’t buy you, they would try to destroy you. So in conclusion, Beer Wars is one of the first documentary films to go into great detail on the battle for survival and power between the various beer companies of America; showing the struggles of the craft breweries against the big companies and the fight for power among the larger companies and their major competitors. Sources http://beerwarsmovie. com/tag/rhonda-kallman/ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/ http://www. cnn. com/FOOD/resources/food. for. thought/beverages/alcohol/homebrew/papazian/.

Non Medical Independent And Supplementary Prescribing V300 Nursing Essay

Non Medical Independent And Supplementary Prescribing V300 Nursing Essay This essay discusses the evolution of nurse prescribing in the context of legislation and political element, with the consideration of how this has changed and assisted the clinical nurse specialist role, with particularly emphasis on Heart failure. The pathophysiology of heart failure will be discussed and integrated into the relation of drug actions with particular interest into Diuretics. Alongside this; the importance of effective history taking, assessment and consultation skills to treat the patient accurately and at a high standard and quality is discussed. The decision making process and the importance of a shared approach in relation to heart failure is highlighted incorporating the importance of compliance in the maximising the treatment of heart failure. Sources of information and decision support systems that are available will be highlighted with a discussion on the importance of these in principles. Demonstration of ability to prescribe safely, rationally, cost effectively, and in consideration of the public health issues around medicine use are discussed and finally clinical governance through quality assurance and audit of prescribing practice is considered. For the purpose of the essay the following learning outcomes are discussed: Evaluate understanding and application of the relevant legislation and political context of the practice of non-medical prescribing Critically appraise sources of information/advice and decision support systems in prescribing practice and apply the principles of evidence based practice to decision making. Integrate and apply knowledge of drug actions in relation to pathophysiology of the condition being treated Demonstrate the ability to prescribe safely, rationally, cost effectively, and in consideration of the public health issues around medicines use Integrate a shared approach to decision making taking account of patients/carers wishes, values, religion or culture Evaluate effective history taking, assessment and consultation skills with patients/clients, parents and carers to inform working /differential diagnosis. Contribute to clinical governance through quality assurance and audit of prscribing practice and regular continuing professional development The controls of medicines in the UK has undergone a number of regulatory changes since the end of 1800s, climaxing in the Medicines Act (1968). Prior to 1992, doctors, veterinary surgeons and dentists were the only professions legally permitted to prescribe. This situation made the medical profession gatekeepers for medicines, certainly the case for those medicines considered more likely to cause harm or abuse such as controlled drugs i.e. morphine. Cumberledge Report (1986) identified the need for community nurses to prescribe, The Crown Report (1989) published findings of a review to determine the circumstances in which non-medical health professionals could undertake new roles with regard to prescribing, supply and administration of medicines and led to the development of protocols which we now know as Patient Group Directives (PGDs). The Crown Report (1999) recommended that legal authority to prescribe should be extended to include new groups of healthcare professionals, this also bought about the differentiation between Independent and Supplementary prescribers. This report noted that a doctor often rubber stamps a prescribing decision taken by a nurse, which is demeaning to nurses and doctors. (Cooper et al,2008) The Medicinal Products Act (1992) permitted qualified District Nurses and Health Visitors to independently prescribe, and this was only a limited number of medicines from a Community Practitioners Formulary. Over the next few years legislative changes occurred which involved, non community qualified nurses to train as prescribers, together with an increase in medications added to the Nurses Formulary. In 2003, nurses and Pharmacists were permitted to prescribe from the whole of the British National Formulary (BNF) as supplementary Prescribers, except controlled and unlicensed drugs. Controlled Drugs were prescribable by nurses and pharmacists using supplementary prescribing from 2005. During this time other allied Healthcare professionals such as physiotherapists, Radiographers, Podiatrists and optometrists were also able to become supplementary prescribers. (DOH, 2005) These rapid changes in the development of non medical prescribers in the United Kingdom were a contrast to the gradual introduction to prescribing rights in the United States of America. (Armstrong,1995). The UK now has the most extended non medical prescribing rights in the world. (Armstrong, 1995) In 2006, DOH (2006) permitted trained nurses and pharmacists to independently prescribe all medicines within their clinical competence. The most recent changes have occurred to the Misuse of Drugs Regulations (2012) which now means that appropriately qualified nurses and pharmacists will be able to prescribe controlled drugs like morphine, diamorphine and prescription strength co-codamol. Currently there are more than 50,000 Non medical prescribers in the UK, around 19,000 nurses and almost 2,000 pharmacists are qualified as Independent and/or supplementary prescribers (Carey, 2011) The changing legislation of Non medical Prescribers has changed alongside with the environment of the NHS services. This is recognised in the guide produced by NMC (2010) stating that the services delivered by the NHS become more challenging and complex as there is an ever increasing need for improved productivity without the compromising of quality. Coronary Heart disease, puts great pressure and demands on the National Health Service (NHS). Hospital admissions for Chronic heart failure have increased markedly, chronic heart failure accounts for about 5% of all medical admissions and approximately 2% of total health care expenditure. Despite improvements in medical management, under treatment for heart failure is still common. (Mcmurray et al, 2002) In 2002, The British Heart Foundation (BHF) piloted a scheme and funded with the help of Big Lottery Fund ninety two Heart failure nurses throughout the United Kingdom. The results were shown in the final report BHF (2008) showing an average reduction in heart failure admissions of 43% and an average estimated saving, per heart failure patient of  £1, 826. Increasing the role of the Non medical prescribers therefore increasing the skills and knowledge of nurses/pharmacists only enhances the vital role within the field these nurses have in todays current fight to provide the highest quality care possible. It has been shown that registered nurses are extending their roles and responsibilities to work in new ways (Furlong + smith, 2005). Crowther et al (2003), Gattis et al (1999), Paniagua (2011) Lambrinou et al (2012) and Jaarsma (2010) have all shown that Heart failure nurse specialists are optimal providers to assist physicians with Heart failure care for this complex and time-consuming patient population. The management of heart failure is complex involving both pharmacological treatments and strategies to improve patients functional status and quality of life (Palmer et al, 2003) Heart failure can be defined as an abnormality of cardiac structure or function leading to failure of the heart to deliver oxygen at a rate commensurate with the requirements of the metabolizing tissues. (ESC, 2012) Clinically patients present with typical symptoms; breathlessness, ankle swelling and fatigue. And signs; elevated JVP, pulmonary crackles and displaced apex beat. Diagnosis of heart failure relies on a detailed history and accurate physical examination (NICE, 2010). These symptoms can be related to either a reduction of cardiac ourput (fatigue) or to excess fluid retention (dysapnea, orthopnea and cardiac wheezing) fluid retention also results in peripheral oedema and occasionally an increasing abdominal girth secondary to ascites. Symptoms and signs are often non-specific and could be related to other conditions. Knowledge on the use of other diagnostic services is necessary: Echocardiography, Electrograph, Chest Xray, Blood tests all contribute to the confirmation of diagnosis. Case study One demonstrates a typical presentation of a patient presenting with first presentation of heart failure symptoms; typically compromised and in need of expert medical treatment; Pharmacological and non pharmacological therapies. This patient presented with clear signs of congestion and volume retention of which a diuretic therapy plays a central role in the treatment (Felker and Mentz, 2012) As the heart fails, there is a reduction in both blood pressure and cardiac output, in response to this the body conserves water which results in oedema. Diuretics act at different sites of the kidneys, they then eliminate sodium and water through enhanced excretion from the kidneys so are able to relieve the symptoms of fluid congestion. Different classes of diuretics work at different points within the kidney tubules. (Davies et al, 2000) Appendix two shows the diuretics available. This patient was treated with Furosemide intravenously (IV), most patients receive a loop diuretic as first line treatment for heart failure (Faris et al, 2012.) Loop diuretics are the most frequently used diuretic in treatment of Chronic heart failure despite their unproven effect on survival, their indisputable efficacy in relieving congestive symptoms makes them first line therapy for most patients. (Bruyne, 2003) Appendix three shows how loop diuretics work. As already stated first line treatment for acute decompensated heart failure is intravenous diuretic therapy either as a bolus or via continuous infusion. Despite being available for decades, few randomized trials exist to guide dosing and administration of this drug. In 2011, the Diuretic Optimization Strategies Evaluation (DOSE) trial used a prospective, randomized design to compare bolus versus continuous infusion of IV furosemide, as well as high-dose versus low-dose therapy. The study found no difference in the primary end point for continuous versus bolus infusion. High-dose diuretics were more effective than low dose without clinically important negative effects on renal function. Although no difference was found between IV and bolus dose there are benefits to both elements so clinical judgement would be made on the specific patient needs and requirements, for example, immobilization, duration of therapy requirements, haemodynamic status. The aim of using diuretics is to achie ve and maintain euvolaemia (the patients dry weight with the lowest achieveable dose. (ESC, 2012). Case study two identifies a patient whom is another example of heart failure but offers a different presentation; this accentuates the importance of a careful physical examination and valuable accurate history taking. The absent breathe sounds over the right base of lung field along with the history was an indication of pleural effusion and initiated the prescription of a radiograph chest to be performed. Absent or diminished breath sounds strongly suggest an effusion (Kalantri et al, 2007) unfortunately Congestive heart failure is the most common cause of a pleural effusion. (Enrique, 2008) Again, Pleural effusions from heart failure are managed with diuretic therapy, initially with a loop diuretic, intravenously titrated in response to clinical signs, daily weights and renal function to avoid excessive volume depletion. (Light, 2002) Non-compliance in patients with heart failure (HF) contributes to worsening HF symptoms and may lead to hospitalization. (Van der wal, 2006). Using skills that were taught during basic nursing training is imperative in conducting a beneficial and effective clinical examination, these interpersonal skills may dictate how the patient and carers perceive and acknowledge there diagnosis and may have an influence on the approach the patient has on his/her own health. Over the past 3 decades, the biopsychosocial model of health has become increasingly important in the effective practice of medicine. Central to this model is an emphasis on treating the patient as a whole person, including the biological, psychological, behavioral, and social aspects of their health (Engel, 1980). The American Heart Association (AHA) in collaboration with other professional societies has issued a new scientific statement for the management of patients with advanced heart failure. It emphasizes shared decision making and is designed to help physicians and other health professionals align medical treatment options with the wishes of the patients. Allen (2012) recognises the complexity of heart failure and complexity of the treatment options can be a barrier to shared decision making, but this only emphasizes why such a patient-centred approach should be undertaken in Advanced heart failure. Shared decision making has received particular emphasis in relation to the pre scribing of drug treatments. Traditionally, studies have identified 50% of patients with chronic conditions do not take their treatment as prescribed, with major reasons being because they do not share the doctors views, or they are worried about side effects. (REF QUOTE?) Therefore the aim is to explore these issues by adopting a shared decision making approach and reach a concordance between doctor and patients. Therefore getting patients involved in the planning and management of care, being sensitive to the individuals need, spending time figuring out what is important to them, will hopefully reduce some of the confusion and complexities concerning heart failure. Although knowledge alone does not insure compliance, patients can only comply when they possess some minimal level of knowledge about the disease and the health care regimen. (Van der wal, 2006). The National Prescribing Centre (2012) designed a competency framework which can be seen in appendix 3. One of the three domains is the consultation which highlights three areas of importance 1; Knowledge; pharmacological and pharmaceutical. 2; Options; concerning the diagnosis and management 3; Competency; involving shared decision making with parents, patients and carers. The data is clear that for the benefit of the patient and success with the treatment regimen it is vital to consider wishes of the patient/carer, ethical, cultural opinions, lifestyle of the patients. Also contributing factors which may cause non-complicance whether intentional or not for example: polypharmacy, complicated dose regimens, unpleasant side effects, and cognitive problems or physical disability preventing the patient taking the medicines. A large number of factors need to be incorporated into the thought process prior to getting to the point and writing a prescription. Surrounding issues that directly and indirectly support patient orientated prescribing Sources of information are on number of levels. In a hospital ward, for example, immediate sources of information include the British National Formulary (BNF) and ward pharmacist. The role of both is, at least in part, to assist in ensuring that, for any prescription, the correct dose and timing of administration are correct and appropriate for the indication. The BNF is widely available and accessible and can and should be used to assist in prescribing whenever there is any doubt about dose and timing. The Pharmacist provides an additional safety netting, by checking prescriptions before providing the medications. In addition, the pharmacists role includes ensuring that medications prescribed are available for administration. Further afield, but still within the hospital, local policies give guidance on what drugs are available and recommended for a particular indication. These policies may be produced by the hospital or by regional bodies, including SHA, Network PCTs, for example, local arrangement may mean that a particular statin is used for primary prevention of coronary heart disease, due to local procurement agreements or cost effectiveness analyses. Beyond the hospital setting, a number of sources provide guidance on what should actually be prescribed, or considered, for a given condition. Such sources might include national bodies, in particular National institute of clinical excellence (NICE) and specialist societies. The latter may be national and or international. For example, in the field of heart failure, NICE has given guidance on what medications should be administered and at what stage of the disease and symptoms. For all patients ACEI: should be given. There are many different ACE I. The guidelines recommend using only those which have actually been proven to be of benefit in heart failure; these [emailprotected]@@@@@@. For those who are intolerant of ACE; ARB should be used. Again, NICE recommends thoses that have shown efficacy in clinical trials, and these [emailprotected]@@@@@@. Beta-blockers are recommened but not any betablocker. Only those with proven @@@ in heart failure should be used; these are Aldosterone A ntagonists should also be used for patients with advanced heart failure (NYHA III/IV). Guidance recommends spironolactone, or eplernone if not tolerated (most usually due to gynaenomastia in men) From the above, it may be seen that the National guidance indicates which drugs from each class should be considered for each purpose. This leaves room for local policies and prescribers to decide which of the available agents is suitable for a particular individual. Pursuing the example of heart failure further, international guidelines are issued by a number of bodies. The principle of these is the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA). Of these, the ESC guidelines are most applicable to the United Kingdom. Societal guidelines tend to focus more on a particular disease and the available evidence to provide best treatment, whereas NICE guidelines have greater emphasis on appraisal of cost-effectiveness, which is of greater relevance to the local health economy in the UK. Furthermore, ESC guidelines give a strength of recommendation for a particular treatment (Class I, IIa, IIb) and an indication of the level of evidence behind the recommendation. (A, B, C) Ultimately, the source of information which informs societal guidelines comes from research, in the form of clinical trials, performed on the back of pre-clinical research. Therefore, the doses of drugs which are recommended for use usually reflects the dose and frequency of a drug or used in a clinical trial which demonstrated benefit. There are therefore numerous levels of information and advice which support prescribing practice. For many conditions, these are ultimately based on evidence derived from clinical trials, in some areas these will be the gold standard RCT. However, some trials provide softer evidence, such as observations data or even anecdotal. Understanding of these various trials and guidelines is important to understanding how local guidelines and daily prescribing practice come about and are supported by evidence. The trials/guidelines all mentioned above have provided convincing evidence that clinically significant improvements can be achieved in heart failure by appropriate drug treatment. Moynihan et al (2002) recognises that the adoption of more effective and/or safer drugs, new technologies are usually more expensive, aging of the population leads to increased morbidity and drug therapy, all play a role in increasing drug expenditure. Medicines are regarded an expenditure, but can also be an investment, if they are used rationally. Rational prescribing means cost effective use of safe and effective drugs. Specialist clinics for heart failure are a tool for delivering care according to clinical guidelines and providing diagnostic treatment. They provide optimal management of the condition, education of patient and carers about the signs and symptoms of worsening disease and medication compliance. Advances in medication and technology for heart failure are vast, which again strengthens the need and importance of such clinics to enable patient treatment to change accordingly and appropriately. Studies have shown that if patients are treated by Cardiology clinicians or Heart failure specialist nurses, clinical guidelines are more likely to be followed and readmission rates are lower for these patients. (Reis et al, 1997) An example of prescribing within heart failure is an investment for the patient and the NHS is the use of Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE I). These have been shown to improve symptoms, survival and slow progression of heart failure. (Luzier et al, 1998). ACE I are one of the essential therapies for all heart failure patients, if tolerated. Treatment should be maximised and in maximising the dose quite often you can reduce or stop the use of loop diuretics due to improved symptoms and clinical signs. (Hoyt et al, 2001) Therefore patients who are appropriately treated and titrated to maximal therapy therefore benefit clinically, may reduce other medicines and they can overall reduce the chances of hospital admission with decompensated heart failure which is beneficial to the patient and the NHS finances. A recent study by Dharmarajan et al (2013) covering three million hospitalizations showed that more than a third of readmissions (within 30 days of discharge) were for heart failure. Their thought was that many of these could have been preventable, with greater input from pharmacists, physicians, nurse specialists, and greater consideration to social elements; reducing readmission also reduces other risks involved in exposing patients to hospitalization. The National Heart failure Audit (2012) conducted by NICOR is an audit to monitor progress, clinical findings and patient outcomes of patients with heart failure. It is an essential audit for each NHS trust to comply and complete. ++. It provides critical information on management and outcomes which then provides data essential to drive future improvements. Conclusion: CASE STUDY ONE Description of clinical setting: Patient was an inpatient on the Cardiology ward; he was admitted the day before and had been referred to Heart failure clinical nurse specialist for review. Case history: An 84 year old retired postman was admitted from home with progressive worsening shortness of breath over the last 6 weeks. He had been to see the General Practitioner two weeks ago who treated him for a chest infection with a course of oral antibiotics (Amoxycillin). He denies any chest pain, however he complains of palpitations at times of exertion and a productive cough. Patient had not experienced any syncope, dizzy spells; only other complaint was loss of appetite and poor quality sleep. Patient has been sleeping with 4 pillows, waking regularly due to struggling for breathe and resulted to sleeping in the chair downstairs. Exercise tolerance had drastically reduced to 50 metres before having to stop due to breathlessness. On examination the patient was tachypnoeic, pulse was 95 and regular, sitting blood pressure was 110/62 standing 105/55. Weight 97kg. Oxygen Saturations on air 94%. Inspiratory crackles were clearly heard on both lung bases, no heart murmur could be auscultated and apex beat was misplaced to the anterior auxiliary line. JVP was raised +4. Pitting peripheral oedema up to thighs and a large distended abdomen, which was soft and not tender on palpation. ECG confirmed Sinus tachycardia with Q waves in antero lateral leads. Chest x-ray also confirmed cardiomegaly and interstitial oedema. Drug treatment pre admission: Aspirin 75mg once a day (OD) Blood pressure control Past medical history: Anterior lateral Myocardial infarction 7 years ago (2005) followed by Angioplasty to the right coronary artery. No further operations or admission to hospital. Blood results: Chemistry: Sodium 128mmol/l, Potassium 4.8 mmol, Urea 9 mmol/l, Creatinine 145 mmol/l, LFTs, HB and clotting was all unremarkable. Echo: severe left ventricular dysfunction, with minor tricuspid regurgitation. Social background: Patient lives with wife in a two bedroom bungalow, they are both normally well and independant. He has no allergies and takes no over the counter medications or recreational drugs in the past or present. Drug chart to date in hospital: Aspirin 75mg OD Frusemide 80 mg OD Ramipril 2.5 mg OD Discussion: Patient was fortunate enough to have had Echocardiography that morning, which offered me the definitive diagnosis. This gentleman presents with a common clinical presentation of progressive systolic dysfunction of an ischemic cause. The patient was comfortable and stable enough for a steady and methodical examination and history taking. On construction of a management plan for this patient, clearly first line treatment is diuretic therapy, T Effective dieresis and consequent adjustment of the loading conditions of the failing heart is generally regarded as essential (Raftery, 1994) This patient went on to be prescribed Intravenous Diuretics, instructions for Daily weights, Fluid balance, advice and rehabilitation for heart failure. Then longer term plan for titration of Heart failure medications to achieve maximum therapy suitable for this patient. Allen, L.A., Stevenson, L.W., Grady, K.L., Goldstein, N.E., Matlock, D.D., Arnold, R.M., Cook, N.R., Felker, G.M., Francis, G.S., Hauptman, P.J., Havranek, E.P., Krumholz, H.M., Mancini, D., Riegel, B. and Spertus, J.A., for the American Heart Association; Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, 2012. Decision making in advanced heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 125(15), pp.1928-1952. Armstrong, P., McCleary, K. J. and Munchus, G., 1995. Nurse practitioners in the USA their past, present and future. Some implications for the health care management delivery system. Health Manpower Management, 21(3), pp.3-10. Avery, A.J. and Pringle, M., 2005. Extended prescribing by UK nurses and pharmacists. British Medical Journal, 331, pp.1154-1155. Bruyne, L.K., 2003. Mechanisms and management of diuretic resistance in congestive heart failure. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 79(931), pp.268-271. Carey, N. and Stenner, K., 2011. Does non-medical prescribing make a difference to patients? Nursing Times, 107(26), pp.14-16. Cooper, R., Guillaume, L., Avery, T., Anderson, C., Bissell, P., Hutchinson, M., Lynn, J., Murphy, E., Ward, P. and Ratcliffe, J., 2008. Non medical prescribing in the United Kingdom: developments and stakeholder interests. Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 31(3), pp.244-252. Crowther, M., 2003. Optimal management of outpatients with heart failure using advanced practice nurses in a hospital-based heart failure centre. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 15, pp.260-265. Davies, M.K., Gibbs, C.R. and Lip, G.Y., 2000. ABC of heart failure. Management: diuretics, ACE inhibitors and nitrates. British Medical Journal, 320(7232), pp.428-431. Department of Health and Social Security, 1986. Neighbourhood nursing a focus for care (Cumberledge report) London, HMSO. Department of Health, 1989. Report of the Advisory Group on Nurse Prescribing (Crown report) London, HMSO. Department of Health, 2000. National Service Framework for Coronary Heart Disease. London, HMSO. Department of Health, 2005. Supplementary prescribing by nurses, pharmacists, chiropodists/podiatrists, physiotherapists and radiographers within the NHS in England. A guide for implementation. London, HMSO. Department of Health, 2006. Improving patient access to medicines: A guide to implementing Nurse and Pharmacists independent prescribing within the NHS in England. London, HMSO. Dharmarajan, K., Hsieh, A.F., Lin, Z., Bueno, H., Ross, J.S., Horwitz, L.I., Barreto-Filho, J.A., Kim, N., Bernheim, S.M., Suter, L.G., Drye, E.E. and Krumholz, H.M., 2013. Diagnosis and timing of 30 day readmissions after hospitalization for heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, or pneumonia. Journal of American Medical Association, 309, pp.355-363. Diaz-Guzman, E. and Budev, M., 2008. Accuracy of the physical examination in evaluating pleural effusion. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 75(4), pp.297-303. Faris, R.F., Flather, M., Purcell, H., Poole-Wilson, P.A. and Coats, A.J., 2012. Diuretics for heart failure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD003838. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003838.pub3. Felker, G.M., Lee, K.L., Bull, D.A., Redfield, M.M., Stevenson, L.W., Goldsmith, S.R., LeWinter, M.M., Deswal, A., Rouleau, J.L., Ofili, E.O., Anstrom, K.J., Hernandez, A.F., McNulty, S.E., Velazquez, E.J., Kfoury, A.G., Chen, H.H., Givertz, M.M., Semigran, M.J., Bart, B.A., Mascette, A.M., Braunwald, E., OConnor, C.M., for the NHLBI Heart Failure Clinical Research Network, 2011. New England Journal of Medicine, 364(9), pp.797-805. Felker, G.M. and Mentz, R.J., 2012. Diuretics and ultrafiltration in acute decompensated Heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 59(24), pp.2145-53. Furlong, E. and Smith, R., 2005. Advanced nursing practice. Policy, education and role development. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 14, pp.1059-1066. Gattis, W.S., Hasselbied., V., Whellan, D.J. and OConnor, C.M., 1999. Reduction in heart failure events by the addition of a clinical pharmacist to the heart failure management team. Archives of Internal Medicine, 159, pp.1939-1945. Hawkins, N.M., Petrie, M.C., Jhund, P.S., Chalmers, G.W., Dunn, F.G. and McMurray, J.J., 2009. Heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: diagnostic pitfalls and epidemiology. European Journal of Heart Failure, 11, pp.130-139. Hoyt, R.E. and Bowling, L.S. 2001. Reducing readmission for congestive heart failure American Family Physician, 63(8), pp.1593-1598. Hunt, S.A., Baker, D.W., Chin, M.H., Cinquegrani, M.P., Feldman, A.M., Francis, G.S., Ganiats, T.G., Goldstein, S., Gregoratos, G., Jessup, M.L., Noble, R.J., Packer, M., Silver, M.A., Stevenson, L.W., Gibbons, R.J., Antman, E.M., Alpert, J.S., Faxon, D.P., Fuster, V., Gregoratos, G., Jacobs, A.K., Hiratzka, L.F., Russell, R.O. and Smith, S.C. Jr; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure); International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Failure Society of America, 2001. ACC/AHA Guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: Executive Summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): Developed in collaboration with the International S ociety for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation, 104(24), pp.2996-3007. Jaarsma, T., 2010. Multidisciplinary approach in heart failure: evidence, experiences and challenges. Journal of Cardiac Failure, 16(9), pp.1071-9164. Kalantri, S., Joshi, R. and Lokhande, T., 2007.

The link between Social Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties

The link between Social Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties There is a continuous interest in the emerging body of literature to investigating the link between social, emotional and behaviour difficulties (SEBD) and speech, language and communication difficulties (SLCN). SEBD in children with SLCN is determined as a concern area of enquiry in recent years. The literature covers Education, Health and Social Disadvantage as its three major perspectives. This essay centers on primary school children with SEBD and SLCN, from an education perspective and it covers certain facts, co morbidities, and the causes from the literature in understanding the link between SEBD and SLCN. Finally, it highlights the need for further study (on this topic) by diverse professionals. history The word Social has been introduced to Emotional, Behavioural difficulties (EBD) in the year 1998. Nevertheless, children experiencing SEBD are considered with Special Educational Needs (SEN) by the Code of Practice, (2001). Social, Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties (SEBD): refers to the three potential areas of developmental difficulty of a child: to understand, express, engage and acknowledge in a given context. Speech Language and Communication Needs (SLCN): refer mainly to Expressive (use of words and sentences, vocabulary and grammar broadly), Receptive (understanding the language and processing the information) and Pragmatic ( usage of language in a social context) language difficulties. Population study of children with SEBD and Communication Difficulties Nearly 71% of the children with SEBD are identified of having communication difficulties (Benner et al 2002). These studies were based on 26 papers on the link between SEBD and communication difficulties. In one of their studies, the overall mean of prevalence rate was found to be 63% in children with speech problems previously diagnosed in speech clinics and 46 % in children served in a variety of settings in general population. The research indicates the current estimation of prevalence in children with communication difficulties in  England and Wales is nearly 10% and also children with SEBD are inclined towards having communication difficulties (Law et al 2000). Children with receptive language impairments are at greater risk for developing SEBD (Beitchman et al., 1996). Approximately 3% of school children are having severe form of Attention Deficit Hyperacctive Disorder (ADHD) and are at high risk of anti-social behaviour as well as poor conduct. At least 10% of school age children are affected by motor or vocal tics, or a combination of both. Recent population studies estimate that  at least 1% of general population  of school age children are affected by a clinically handicapping Touretts syndrome. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder affects (1%) of school age children. They display obsessions and compulsions, which are considered as a neuropsychiatric disorder states Gillberg (2005). The study from the literature strongly indicates that the language impairment and social, emotional and behavioural difficulties are interlinked. (Cross, 2004). Co- morbidity of language impairment and SEBD Studies show that children  with SEBD have been studied for the co-occurrence of language difficulties where Benner (2002) finds 71% of the children being experiencing language difficulties significantly and other authors argue if it is due to a core neurological deficit. Botting and Conti-Ramsden (2000), has identified 40% of children with combined expressive and receptive language problems are most likely to experience behavioural problems and antisocial problems. Also Ripley and Yuill (2005) reported that expressive difficulties were linked to high level of emotional symptoms and tend to increase with the age of the child. Psychiatric Comorbidity: It is noticed that 42% of children who had speech or language difficulties at the age 5 had psychiatric disorder when diagnosed (Beitchman et al 1996). 30% of seven to eight year olds were determined as having difficulties of specific language impairments, on the total scale of the teacher completed Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire from both the special and mainstream schools (Lindsay and Dockrell, 2000). The ascertained percentage of children referring child psychiatric services for behavioural and emotional problems having unsuspected language impairment is 33% (Cohen et al, 1993). The prevalence from other studies also suggests that learning difficulties can account for high percentage of language problems in children with SEBD (Cross 2004). Estimation of concomitant prevalence of language deficits in children who exhibit anti-social behaviour is 10 times that of the general population (Donahue et al, 1994), also the strengths of relationship between language disorders and anti-social behaviour may increase throughout the life (Cantwell 1991).Henceforth, it is an established fact that a child with language difficulties is bound to have emotional and behavioural difficulties which further on have a tendency to rise. Characteristics: Children identified with SLCN may encounter and experience problems such as usage of vocabulary, understanding and recalling information, processing information, maintaining attention, following instructions by listening, taking part actively in various activities or joining in group discussions, relating to peers , memorizing specific vocabulary (SENCo Newsletter, 2010). Children with SEBD are more likely to be disruptive and disturbing, (they could be hyperactive, lack concentration, poor or immature social skills or personality disorders and quite a few exhibit challenging behaviours, mainly due to other complex special needs). This could be temporary or permanent which can become as a barrier towards their ability to learn as they experience restlessness, social withdrawal, poor attention and isolation according to Teacher Training Agencys National SEN Specialist Standards in 1999. Also these children are subjected towards low levels of self esteem, they lack in Regulating their emotions emotion regulation is a form of mental control states Parrot (2001). Developing social cognition which can lead on to failure in learning at school, as a result of emotional damage (Saarni, 1999). The fact is neither are they very different from their peers, nor do they fall particularly under a homogenous group; rather they can be considered on a continuum. In general, the disorders are based on DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association, 1994). These disorders can be broadly divided as behavioural, emotional and developmental disorders. Other disorders include Developmental Disorders (like Autism seen as a Pervasive Developmental Disorder) and Reactive Attachment Disorder, Schizophrenia, eating disorder and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (Cross 2004). Heneker, (2005) postulates an interesting way when making a distinction of these disorders. First, the less-obvious disorders such as anxiety, school phobia, prolonged stress (due to various reasons such as transitions, communication difficulties, depression). Secondly, the well-known disorders such as, conduct disorders, hyperkinetic disorders. However, it is also possible that these disorders cover a wide range of abilities, including SLCN and some of the learning difficulties. Some of the causes and risk factors: Earlier, children experiencing difficulties with social interactions, bad conduct disorders, children exhibiting high levels of frustrations due to peer- rejections/maladjusted, aggressive behaviour or inappropriate behaviour in adjusting to school environment were regarded as abnormal and immature social cognition (Happe and Frith 1996). It is not what we think or feel but what we do that makes us maladjusted†¦.continued severity anxiety may get the better of people and induce them to take desperate ill-considered action which is against their interest but it is the action and not the anxiety which ranks as maladjusted. (Scott, 1982). Fortin and Bigras (1994)  claims that any of these below mentioned risk factors occur in isolation, addressing the complex interaction of the  factors  associated with  SEBD. The main factors being predisposing factor, child-based factors, contextual risk factors and also family-centered risk factors. They concluded that the accumulation of these factors increases the probability  that a child may develop SEBD. Interventions: Within primary schools, there has been a growing emphasis on interventions that can enable to bring difference in children identified with SEBD and also SLCN, with the aim of promoting the childs learning and development and level of school achievement. By introducing the storytelling intervention program called The Big Book of Storysharing by Peacey (2009), has demonstrated in bringing up a positive change while prioritizing on communication and sharing personal stories amongst primary school children from both mainstream and special schools. The purpose of this project is to develop social skills, language and communication skills. It has promoted positive attitudes and narrative skills. Children from special school were able to use words or signs, gaze eye contact while speaking, joining in narration by listening and telling stories, whereas the children from mainstream perceived to be more confident and gained pleasure in narrating stories which shows the effectiveness of the project. PALS a program to develop Social Skills for children. It emphasis and aims towards building confidence in children and participate actively in social contexts. The main purpose of this program is to teach social skills such as listening, sharing, taking turns, dealing with feelings of fear,  coping up with frustration, dealing with emotions effectively, etc. It is accepted by early childhood psychologists and NSW (New South Wales, Australia) that it reduces the problem behaviour and increases social skills significantly in children. It also indicates that children with internal behavioural difficulties (withdrawn, shyness, anxiousness, passivity) lack in communication skills which again has a significant effect in developing their social skills at schools and finally has an impact of low level of school achievement (Cooper, 2002). Henker (2005) proposed an individualized intervention for the children at a pre referral unit (PRU) who are identified for a specific communication need to ameliorate their skills such as: vocabulary, social skills and speech, grammar. It has been noticed that children were able to show improvement in one or more area, where they were attending this speech and language therapy weekly or twice a week. Evaluating staff questionnaires suggests that improvement has been obtained by the children with communication needs. Explanations of Intervention Programs: Peacey (2009) conceives that this project can demonstrate well if a named person from each school takes in charge to mediate with other members of the staff to motivate and repeat or retell the stories for the children. The second factor is to assure the age group of children has to be well chosen. Also this project did not demonstrate to be an effective one in measuring childrens specific difference in their usage of language on the standardized assessments for the children who were at the early stage of language development and have showed only minor improvements as they were experiencing learning difficulties. However, it consists of certain drawbacks. When the children were assessed in the areas such as, attention, impulse control and flexibility; it fails to identify and explain the gain of attention at both mainstream as well as special schools and it could not control impulses of all the children. It is time consuming (for the preparation of the project towards discussing obje ctives with the members for their participation and affirmation). Overall, the project has been identified for a positive outcome of making progress with the story telling skills where children enjoyed and valued their experiences and also it has established the concept of inclusion in both of the school cultures. The graph of the success rate indicates that PALS effectiveness is more on the age group ranging preschool children when compared to primary school aged group of children. Cooper (2002), states that social skills interventions work less effective for primary school aged children and on the other hand it works more effectively for preschoolers. Explanation from literature: Today in United Kingdom the government is providing the opportunity to the primary school teachers in various ways to provide better services to the children. For example, a SENCO training enables a class room teacher in understanding the different areas of difficulties experiencing by a child can play a vital role with the support of specific frameworks. There are other professionals from the local authorities to liaise with in supporting children with special needs including children with social, emotional behavioural difficulties as well as speech, language and communication needs. A large portion of children (with 50 % or more) are entering primary schools with low language levels and 5-7% of children from general population are identified with SLCN. Limited usage of language can oppose making relationships with peers at school and which can also lead to behavioural problems in the future (SENCo Newsletter, 2010). Evaluations and limitations: There are certain limitations to study the link between SEBD and SLCN. It is not always possible to identify language difficulties in children with other learning difficulties as research suggests that children with language difficulties may have underlying cognitive processing delays (Beitchman et al 1998; Torgeson, 1998). Instruments currently available for measuring underlying cognitive process are less technically adequate than instruments designed to assess language development or academic achievement (Beitchman, et al 1998). Often a communication difficulty can be interpreted differently as a behavioural difficulty in some cases (for example, a child who is unable to convey a message to his friend while playing can behave in a noncompliant and aggressive way). In contrast a behavioural difficulty can be interpreted differently when the other person is aware of the communication difficulty or need of that particular child. Language difficulties lead on to substantially high risk of anti-social behaviour. Receptive language difficulties not only go undetected but have adverse negative behaviour and have a profound affect on vital relationships throughout ones life span. Benner (2000). These children  tend to face a significant or high  risk  in attaining school achievement. On the other hand, most of the parents are unwilling to accept the fact that they are in need of help with regards to their childrens behavioural problems and look for help when they find and realize the situation, at a high risk. It is true that the response towards intervention programs is less when the behavioural problems are at an advanced stage. Parow (2009). Previous reviews of literature examined that relation between on wide range of antisocial behaviour and communication difficulties but very little of previous study or reviews focused specifically on Language skills of children identified with emotional, behavioural difficulties. This suggest the need for investigation in understanding the link between SEBD and SLCN by diverse participants. Conclusion: The Special Educational Needs (SEN) graph in England indicates the percentage level of children with SEBD inclines gradually with their age from primary school, whereas the SLCN tends to decline as the child grows. (Cross, 2009). There are substantial amounts of documented associations between behavioural difficulties and language and a large ratio of children with BESD have an underlying language problem. Expressive language difficulties are very apparent, but other language impairments can be harder to detect; a receptive language difficulty could easily be missed as it most often gets considered as a learning difficulty. Nevertheless the relationship is unclear in identifying the primary difficulty in decision making clinically and it is not appropriate for the population of children where language difficulties are unidentified / unsuspected previously. The need to find how language structure emerges through varied time frames is crucial for the current researchers. Therefore, the research indicates the need to encourage diverse participants for further research. In addition to public sectors of educational, health and social service or charity organizations rather include clinical psychologists, community developers, epidemiologists, medics, etc. should be involved. Note: This essay consist of 2,519 words only excluding references.

Development During Adolescence: Questions Essay -- Child Psychology

Question 1: Discuss adolescence: a)The period of adolescence and the cultural aspect thereof Pinpointing the start of any developmental phase is difficult as different people view adolescence and who is classified as an adolescent in different ways. This is because of perspective as well as cultural differences of what an adolescent is. As a rule of thumb,we say that the onset of adolescence is when puberty starts. This is fairly easy to notice because of the physical changes. However, determining the end of adolescence is much harder. There are criteria from a social, legal, psychological and economic perspectives which determine the end of adolescence. In some cultures, youth are expected to go through an initiation of some sort or have to partake in a ritual in order to be accepted as an adult in the communities. Other cultures mark the start end of adolescence with a feast. As you can see,it is almost impossible to pinpoint the exact start and the exact finish of adolescence. As a norm though, we say that it starts between 11 and 13 and ends between the ages of 17 and 22. b)Educational implications of Physical Development Adolescents are trying to figure out who they are and who they are meant to be and they are trying to figure out what their place in the world is. Something that plays a huge role in these searching is the feeling of being accepted. Physical development doesn't occur on a certain day at a certain age with certain effects, each person starts developing at a different time and at a different speed. This can cause feelings of embarrassment and shame so as educators, it is important to be able to speak openly and frankly about the development that takes place including their sexual development. It is ... ... and supported and at the same time should have the freedom to deny assistance. They need to feel free to try different 'styles' and to attempt new 'ways of being' without feeling judged or rejected. Since adolescents are in a phase where they imitate other people in attempt to find their own identity whilst complying to the demands placed upon them by society and striving to become their ideal self, the example set is one of the strongest teaching methods. By handling myself well in confrontations and conflict and by applying myself in the things that I do, I show them how they could do it and how society rewards it. I think it is important to make them aware of what kinds of differences people their age have ( i.e. The different levels of cognitive thinking and the differences in physical development) so that the extent to which they feel inferior is minimized.

How to Write an Essay :: Process Essays

Process Essay - How to Write an Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Writing a college essay can be a very difficult task. However, there are techniques to help make this task easier. The writing process is a three stage approach to planning and creating a college essay. These stages are known as prewriting, writing, and revising. If a student follows this process, she will write a good paper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first stage of the writing process is called prewriting. There are five prewriting techniques that help writers to understand the topic and purpose of the writing assignment and limit the topic to a manageable and appropriate idea. The techniques are brainstorming, freewriting, diagramming, making a list, and preparing an outline. In brainstorming, you generate ideas for you writing. A writer might view a film and discuss or write their impressions, write a list of ideas for an essay, or discuss a topic with a group of students. You might ask yourself some questions such as What? Why? When? Where? How? and Who? In freewriting, you write non-stop about a subject for a certain amount of time. Spelling or punctuation, mistakes, and finding exact words do not matter. It helps you to get a clearer picture of what you are trying you say. Diagramming is helpful for people who think in a visual way. You can put your idea in a circle or block and branch off examples or other ideas pertaining to it. The fourth technique is making a list. You list as many items you can that has a relation to your topic. Your goal is to make details and to gather as much material as possible so you have something to start with when you go to write your paper. The last technique is preparing an outline. The thesis statement is clearly stated on the outline and a specific outline format is followed. Outlining gives you a sense of organization and allows you to see quickly if you have enough support for your ideas. After the writer is done prewriting, she moves on to the next step.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second stage for the writing process is called writing. In the writing phase, you make decisions about developing and organizing your ideas into writing and discover what you know about the subject. Insights gained from the prewriting phase help shape ideas into meaning for yourself and others. The writer may prepare a rough draft, focusing on the purpose of the writing and choosing a suitable form for a specific audience. You need a thesis to work with first. The thesis will be your guide while you write your essay.

Degradation of Moral Values in Indian Society Essay

Human beings enjoy the maximum freedom and power for governing their habitat and environment. This power sometimes enables them to misuse the resources Materialism has led us to a degradation in our moral values. India is the most ancient civilization. Vedas were written in India. Buddha got divine knowledge here. We are proud of our rich cultural heritage but today we have forgotten those ideals, values and principles which were so dear to our ancestors. Take for example, the concept of joint family. Today, no young couple prefers a joint family. We do not want to be grateful to our parents. Rather, we want to disown them. The next most prominent degradation in our moral values reflects itself in the form of corruption. In India, corruption is prevalent at all the levels and the irony is that even if we accuse that they are guilty, they remain supreme. These developments are not good for the national economy and the moral conditioning of our younger generations. The free market economics has added fuel to the fire. When we find that everybody is corrupt. So, we waste no time in becoming the part of this corrupt system. Another steep decline in moral values manifests itself in the form of our poor educational system and teaching methodologies. In fact, the poor educational system in all the parts of the nation has led to poor moral values in the society The students do not respect their teachers. Copying during the examinations is a common practice. Best of the brains are drained to the West because the offers are tempting- and nobody misses the opportunity if offered once. Further, in Indian society, respect for elders is taking a backseat in the name of modernization. Our cultural values have taught us to respect our parents and help them during the times of their helplessness. However, the growth of nuclear families has led to complete ignorance of parents and elders. We never approve of such a deformed social and cultural chaos in our nation that was known for her warmth and family  traditions for over several hundred centuries. Criminals should be banned from politics and should be treated with an iron hand if they try to disturb the democratic norms laid down by our Constitution†¦ The Election Commission has done well by forbidding candidates with criminal records from fighting elections. In our schools, the traditional Indian values must be taught and reinforced. Schools can change the face of our society. The concept of joint families must be promoted among the young couples. This concept would enable them to take fruitful guidance from their elders. Education should be imparted according to Western norms. However, Indian values must also be enforced so that our children remain in touch with their roots.

Article Critique Essay

The thought that peer exclusion is correlated with children’s classroom achievements and adjustment has been hypothesized since the 1930’s. Much research and empirical evidence for such hypotheses have since been collected, and seem to agree with the premise of the correlation. Peer acceptance is the main measurement of this study. In contrast with other types of peer relationships, peer group acceptance, or rejection, is strongly connected with academic readiness and achievement. This article focuses on peer sentiments and its effect on children’s adjustment. It differs from past studies in that its approach is to measure non-observable feelings about classmates, rather than only the observable interactions. The article begins by outlining past research, and developing a premise for the study from those previous studies. The main study that this research builds upon is that of a 2001 study by Eric S. Buhs and Gary W. Ladd, who also conduct this study along with Sarah L. Herald. The premise of the study, based on the 2001 study, is that once classmates express negative feelings and actions upon a peer, those feelings and actions act as a visible marker for further rejection by the larger peer group, and the rejected child as well; as a result, the rejected peers are flagged by their peers, and are left out of classroom interactions, and as a consequence, the rejected child’s learning is impacted ultimately leading to lower levels of achievement (Buhs, Ladd, and Herald, 2006, p. 2). The prior 2001 study found that â€Å"early peer rejection was negatively related to later achievement and that this association was partially mediated through peer maltreatment and declining classroom participation, respectively† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 2). The authors developed a hypothesis that built upon their previous study. Their hypothesis was stated as, â€Å"it was hypothesized that prolonged peer maltreatment increases the probability that children will disengage from classrooms (or the school context) and that increasing disengagement impairs children’s achievement. Thus, it was predicted that longer rather than shorter histories of peer maltreatment, after controlling for contemporary exclusion or abuse, would mediate the link between early peer rejection and later classroom disengagement† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 3). The authors further state that their purpose for conducting this study was to bridge the gap between the limitations of the previous study (it was only a one year study that attempted to predict students future outcomes) by conducting a more comprehensive longitudinal study over a six year period (kindergarten through fifth grade). Methodology The research study constructed six variables to measure the children with. They include, peer group acceptance/rejection, peer exclusion, peer abuse, classroom participation, school avoidance, and achievement. Peer group acceptance/rejection was conceptualized to mean â€Å"the extent to which individuals were liked/ disliked by classroom peers,† and operationalized by sociometric ratings that were collected from peers during kindergarten. One problem with this operationalization is the ability to comprehensively scale the true feelings of one peer toward another, especially during younger years. Scales, questionnaires, and observations might be too incomplete to capture the true meaning behind the dynamics of peer to peer interactions. Another issue is of how to evaluate separate peer groups. Many times classrooms encompass only a selection of developed peer groupings throughout the grade, and might be unfairly balanced toward one group. An example of groupings would be defined by the terms, â€Å"popular,† â€Å"punk,† or â€Å"nerds. † The research might be biased toward one group, if only because they were over represented in a class room. The variable Peer Exclusion was conceptualized as â€Å"the extent to which children were the target of peers’ nonaggressive rejecting behaviors, including behaviors such as ignoring, avoiding, or refusing to associate with them in the classroom context† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 3). The Variable Peer Abuse—the second form of peer mistreatment—was conceptualized to mean â€Å"the extent to which children were recipients of classmate’s aggressive and harassing behaviors† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 3). These two variables contained indicators to distinguish between chronic peer abuse, and situational peer abuse. Again, the issue that arises is the effectiveness of these measures. The interactions between childhood peers are complex, and can change daily. The variables Classroom Participation, and School Avoidance were used to measure disengagement from the classroom environment. A large issue with this is how to distinguish individuals who might be avoiding class as an outcome of separate circumstances. If poor participation and avoidance was only observed from the angle of peer interactions, then this view is biased toward the study. The study is seeking a correlation, and if outside factors aren’t controlled for, then they will biasly effect the results of their study. A child’s family life, neighborhood, economic status, innate ability, among other factors, could influence all of the variables that this study examines. The last variable, Achievement, was defined as â€Å"the accuracy with which children could solve progressively more advanced reading, mathematics, and spelling problems on an individualized achievement test† (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 4). The issue that comes to mind with this variable is the way it uses tests to gauge â€Å"achievement†. Some students fare better on tests than others, while some students take time to develop adequate test taking skills. Another problem is how to control for separate curriculums in different classrooms, and the quality of what is being taught. Data (From the text) Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 5 Participants The data used in this investigation were gathered from a total sample of 380 children (190 girls These children were followed longitudinally from age 5 (kindergarten) to age 11 (fifth grade31 kindergarten class rooms across 10 schools, and by the fifth-grade data collection period, children were in 162 different classrooms across 32 schools. The sample contained nearly equal proportions of families from urban, suburban, or rural midwestern communities, and the sample’s ethnic composition was 17. 4% African American, 77. 1% Caucasian, 1. 6% Hispanic, and 3. 9% â€Å"other. † Family incomes were distributed as follows: 10. 9% of the sample reported total household incomes from $0 to $10,000, 10. 9% reported incomes from $10,000 to $20,000, 12. 6% reported incomes from $20,000 to $30,000, 12. 6% from $30,000 to $40,000, 12. 9% from $40,000 to $50,000, and 40. 3% reported incomes above $50,000. Results The study reports it’s results as, â€Å"peer group rejection is predictive of a range of chronic, negative peer behaviors that may alter both the social environment of the classroom and children’s adaptive responses within that context across the elementary school years. † (Buhs et al. , 2006, p. 11). It suggests that the facet of peer exclusion leading to reduced participation, and ultimately delayed achievements needs further study. It goes on to say that with further study, and thus more knowledge, an empirically based intervention program can be developed. Conclusion It can be argued that to have a complete understanding of the ever evolving and complex world of the social interactions in a school environment is close to impossible. The authors came into their study with a set premise, and expectations of the outcomes, and have seemed to found what they were searching for. The question becomes, how valid are the author’s findings, and can they be applied in a general manner across learning environments. I believe studies that look at complex interactions between children over several years, such as this study, might have too many outside interactionary forces that could effect the data and results. Works Cited Buhs, Eric S. , Ladd, Gary W. , and Herald, Sarah L. (2006). Peer Exclusion and Victimization: Processes That Mediate the Relation Between Peer Group Rejection and Children’s Classroom Engagement and Achievement?. journal of Educational Psychology 2006, Vol. 98, No. 1, 1–13.

Analysing And Contrasting Two Poems Essay

The poet has described the sound of the whistle as a melody, which gives us the impression of a sound, which is very popular to the workers and a part of their daily routines. â€Å"The melody men & women built lives around†. This gives us an image of the workers being very unhappy with their Jobs because it mentioned that they have built lives around work. This implies that either they have been forced to work or that they have no other option to choose from because they have had to change their lifestyles to adapt to their jobs. The poet has compared the whistle to a queen bee by using a simile, â€Å"Sonorous as the queen bee’s fat hum drawing workers from the flowers back to the colonized heart. † This is a very good comparison because it shows how the whistle is similar to the queen bee. The whistles â€Å"Syncopation† wakes up the workers where as the â€Å"queen bee’s fat hum† calls the working bees from the flowers and back to the beehive, which is also the workplace of all the people. The workplace is referred to as the â€Å"colonized heart† because all the workers make up a single colony or a strong organisation, which is the key ingredient to a company, as if the heart is to the humans. Without the heart, we are nothing and the same goes for the workplace, no workers means no business. The whistle is also known to be loud. The first nine lines are a very effective part of the poem as it not only sets the scene but also describes what the whistle is and what it exactly does. The poet has now decided to begin to describe where the workers work. He does this by describing a piece of machinery, â€Å"a titanous puff of steam rose from the dragon trapped below iron, bricks and wood†. This quote is an example of personification because the â€Å"dragon trapped below† has been given a living characteristic which is the dragon. The poet gives us an image of fire by using a dragon, which is known to breathe fire. This image also gives us the idea that the workplace could possibly be a factory of some kind. This image of a dragon breathing out fire seem as though it would come from a child’s point of view especially because the image of a dragon is a myth. This nostalgic way of writing is very effective because it puts a clearer image of what exactly goes on and with this writing technique, many writers can create good linguistic devises. The next couple of lines give us a clearer view of what the factory could be. I believe that the factory could be a logging mill, â€Å"the whole black machine shuddered: blue jays & red birds wove light through leaves & something dead under the foundation brought worms to life†. The reason I believe it could be a logging mill is that I get the impression from this quote that a tree is being pulled out of the soil and worms are being exposed to the outside world. I believe that the â€Å"whole black machine† could be a piece of machinery, which is pulling the tree out of the ground. By doing this the wildlife, such as birds, which live in the tree, have been frightened by the sudden movement. The movement of the tree has now exposed the worms to sunlight, which has also caused sudden movement. I believe that this is the true meaning, however, Yusef Komunyakaa could be implying something totalling different. The black machine could be the whistle, which caused a loud vibration, which led to the sudden movement of the birds. This whistle has people working and waking up the foremen and employers. Yusef Komunyakaa could also be implying that the foremen are worms considering that they are white. Lines eighteen to twenty discuss the narrative of the men arriving to work, â€Å"men capped their thermoses, switched off Loretta Lynn, & slid from trucks and cars†. These lines are very unambiguous and straightforward. These three lines allow us to set a date the poem was written in. The poet mentioning Loretta Lynn allows us to date the poem because we know that she was a country singer and she made a number one hit in 1961. From this, we now know that the poem was probably written during the 1960’s. The poet has now described more about what the workers jobs consist of and I believe that this gives more evidence backing my prediction of the factory being a logging mill, â€Å"the rip saws throttled and swung out over logs on conveyer belts†. Here the poet has used personification to Describe the ripsaws. The word throttled means to strangle or choke. This gives us an image of aggression, however, up until this point of the poem there has been no mention of violence, this foreshadows something, which could possible happen later on in the poem. The equipment which have been described are heavy duty machinery, by this we understand that the logging mill is a very big factory and this leads to the question of, how many workers there are?

Precarious Employment Essay

This essay will discuss why young people are two to three times more likely than adults to find themselves unemployed and why the problem is rapidly growing in almost every region of the world. Although young people today are the most educated generation ever, both industrialised and developing countries are failing to increase employment opportunities for them. The lack of opportunities is of course linked to the general state of the economy and employment situation but it is also a result of the mismatches between the skills young people possess and the skills required by the labour market. All of these factors can lead to long periods of unemployment, job seeking or low skilled and precarious work, which are not only detrimental to young people but impact heavily on economies and society in general. (ILO tackling youth unemployment) Globalisation Globalisation and technological advances have been changing labour markets around the world. Young workers are facing new challenges in making the transition from school to work (Elizabeth Morris 2003). Globalisation is changing the distribution of power and gains and has raised questions about legitimacy and sustainability. Inadequate attention to the human side of globalisation has created a gap in understanding its impact on life and work (International Labour Office). Economics The 1980s and 1990s saw the most profound transformation of Australian public policy since World War II and in that it fundamentally reworked a framework in place since Federation (Castles et al 1996; Kelly 1994). This transformation was underwritten by two principles: liberalism – the view that citizens are autonomous individual actors whose interests are best served when they are free from coercive government interventions into individual action (Yeatman 2000); and marketisation – the belief that free markets are arenas which best enable individual autonomy and produce efficient outcomes (Marginson 1997). These principles define ‘neoliberalism’ or ‘hard liberalism’ (Argy 2003). How have these policy changes affected Australia? An advocate would say it created improved economic outcomes greater market efficiencies, less public expenditure less reliance on social welfare and more individual choice. For a critic it increases inequality, corrodes quality of life and produces an atomised society in which individuals are culturally disconnected from one another and fundamental social institutions (Pusey 2003; Saunders 2002:8-12, ch 2). The primary arguments for neoliberalism are economic, mostly that a free market is necessary for economic, employment and income growth (Kenworthy 2004). However, with the structural changes that have occurred the nature of work has changed with greater casualisation, more part-time work at the cost of full-time employment along with changes in working conditions such as irregular working hours. Income inequality has increased (Saunders 2003). The government has encouraged individuals to be responsible for their own welfare. The market was seen as a more efficient distributor of resources than the state. Skills and Knowledge In an increasingly globalised, competitive and rapidly changing economy the skills and knowledge of young people are becoming more and more important to existing businesses, and are necessary to those wishing to set up their own successful business. It is crucial that young people get a decent basic education and have the skills and qualities needed for work. Numeracy and literacy skills are key to a well-functioning business environment, with information and communication technology (ICT) and enterprise skills (such as business administration, sales and marketing, and so on) not to be underestimated. In particular the teaching of entrepreneurial skills and attributes and behaviours is often not properly integrated into school curricula or not adequately taught on different educational levels. Most education systems still teach only traditional values rather than independent thinking and acting, risk-taking and self-reliance. Moreover, an academic approach to education nurtures skills that are appropriate to working in the public sector or large organizations and companies, are not the key skills needed to start an entrepreneurial career. Youth regardless of their origin have dreams, hopes and aspirations. They carry with them many qualities: â€Å"relevant and recent education and training; enthusiasm, hope and new ideas; willingness to learn and be taught; openness to new skills and technology; realistic expectations on entry into the labour market; mobility and adaptability; and represent a new generation to meet the challenge in countries with an ageing workforce. † (Resolution concerning youth employment, 2005). Yet youth throughout the world encounter barriers in making transitions from school to work. Frequently their full potential is not realised because they do not have access to appropriate jobs (United Nations General Assembly, 2000). Work and Employment Previously factories, offices and shops employed a large part of the working population. Now, computer based technology produces more goods, processes more office work and oversees more sales than ever before, while utilising fewer and fewer people especially teenagers (Stevenson). Traditionally young people with little working experience have filled unskilled jobs and due to technical and organisational changes in the workforce these positions have disappeared. There have been substantial declines in the construction, manufacturing and transport industries over the last decade. The total proportion of the workforce employed in the three industry divisions has declined from 28. 7 per cent to 24. 8 per cent in the ten years (Stevenson). Despite initiatives by government to tackle the problem, youth unemployment has remained at a high level. The teenage labour market has been in long term decline since 1965 when teenage unemployment stood at 2. 6 per cent. By 1975 teenage unemployment has risen almost fivefold to 12. 9 per cent, and, although volatile, it has risen ever since(Stevenson, Brian). Given the differences young people have they still face common barriers – lack of experience, disparity between their skills and the demands of labour markets and insufficient information and advice. Youth experience business barriers because they usually have less access to resources and credit. It can also be typical to experience some level of discrimination in regard to age, sex, ethnicity, race, culture, health, family status and other factors (Global Employment Trends BRIEF, 2006). Difficulties such as this can make it take a lot longer for young people to find employment. It is not unusual for those entering the workforce for the first time to expect a delay. However, if an extended period of unemployment occurs it can have serious consequences for young people including a loss in production and an increase in poverty. It is easy to become discouraged and frustrated leading to the young person giving up in their search for employment. Others continue in the education system for longer than they intended. Therefore, giving young people a chance to achieve decent employment early in their working life would help avoid a vicious circle of unemployment or underemployment, poor working conditions and social exclusion (Morris, Elizabeth 2003). In a weak labour market where jobs are scarce and competition among job seekers is savage it is difficult for anyone to cope with job loss. For disadvantaged youth without basic education, failure to find a first job or keep it for long can have negative long-term consequences on their career prospects that some experts refer to as â€Å"scarring†. Looking past the negative effects on future wages and employability, long spells of unemployment for the young person can often create permanent scars through the harmful effects on a number of other outcomes, including happiness, job satisfaction and health, many years later (ACCI Leading Australian Business, 2010). Precarious Work Young people are continually finding, employment is precarious and may not provide an income sufficient to cover basic necessities. Even if young people are employed, they often find themselves in low-paying temporary jobs with not many protections. Demands for a flexible workforce and the increased use of casual, part-time and temporary employment contracts have heightened the sense of insecurity and risk. More and more young people are working in an informal economy, where they earn low wages and are often experience poor or even exploitative working conditions. The increased use of short-term contracts is another indicator of deteriorating conditions in the youth labour market, as young workers are more likely than older workers to receive and accept this type of offer (World Labour Report, 2000). High levels of youth unemployment are always a source of concern because of the profound impact unemployment has on young people’s lives. Studies of young people show that unemployment leads to a reduction in self-esteem and diminished levels of well-being. Youth unemployment turns problematic when it becomes long-term and when it leaves young people without the means to provide for their basic needs. Around the world, the boundaries between the formal and informal economy are becoming increasingly blurred, and much of the economic activity of young people is taking place in the intermediary zone. The informalisation of work is a global phenonomen, with an increasing number of new jobs being created in the informal economy. The proliferation of informal sector employment is problematic in that these jobs tend to be characterised by lower wages and productivity as well as unsafe working conditions. The forms of precarity seem to be ever expanding, as employers constantly uncover new ways to circumvent regulations or find loopholes in regulations to increase the profitability of their business at the expense of their employees. In the most general sense, precarious work is a means for employers to shift risks and responsibilities on to workers. It is work performed in the formal and informal economy and is characterised by variable levels and degrees of objective (legal status) and subjective (feeling) characteristics of uncertainty and insecurity. Although a precarious job can have many faces, it is usually defined by uncertainty as to the duration of employment, multiple possible employers or a disguised or ambiguous employment relationship, a lack of access to social protection and benefits usually associated with employment, low pay, and substantial legal and practical obstacles to joining a trade union and bargaining collectively. The result is a condition in which workers cannot plan for their future, and lack the security of certain forms of social protection. Precarious work is also characterised by insufficient or even a total absence of trade union rights. Precarious work has a deep impact on individuals and societies. Over the past years, economic crises and turbulences on the financial markets have lead to wide spread anxiety among workers. Increasing rates of unemployment and precarious work arrangements deteriorate the quality of working and living conditions. The normalisation of precarious work is already showing its deeply damaging impacts on society at large. In general, it leaves workers and communities in unstable and insecure situations, disrupting their life planning options. More concretely, precarious workers are found to suffer a higher rate of occupational safety and health issues. Precarious work deprives people of the stability required to take long-term decisions and plans in their lives. Unemployment and precarious jobs have left a young generation hard pressed to see a bright future. The risk of losing financial independence and having to rely on lower social welfare payouts can lead to further social exclusion. It is not surprising therefore that youth are also more likely to fear losing their jobs. Characteristics of precarious work such as anxiety and income and employment insecurity limit long-term planning especially among the young. Young workers very often accept bad working conditions and salaries on a subsistence level. Many of them do not even have working contracts, placing them beyond the reach of social security systems. Consequently the population under 25 runs the risk of falling into poverty and social exclusion. At the same time, according to the flexibility ideology, they need to ensure their â€Å"employability† and have to constantly develop new skills. It is obvious in this context that privileges of the young from ‘higher classes’ lead to the fortification of the class divide. Hardest hit by social exclusion are the young people from the lower classes. Unemployment and material hardship in the family make insecurity part of their everyday life. For low skilled workers†McJobs† without training lead to an inevitable dead end. The lack of prospects, apathy, and resignation become normal. The precarious nature of the employment relationship itself can cause precarious workers to experience poor emotional and mental health. It creates conditions of deprivation and a lack of social cohesion that often lead to social unrest and resentment. Society needs to create a pathway to a world where decent work is no longer a goal, but a reality. Conclusion In conclusion, the causes of youth unemployment can be analysed at different levels, but it is certain that globalisation and technological advances have had a profound impact on labour markets throughout the world; and young people, as new workers, have faced a number of challenges and difficulties associated with these developments. However, it must be remembered that access to productive and decent work is the best way young people can realise their aspirations, improve their living conditions and actively participate in society. Decent work for young people means not only significant benefits in terms of increased wealth, but is also commonly associated with a commitment to democracy, security and political stability. Decent work can thus strengthen both the economy and wider civil society.